Abstract: The present invention relates to a biomarker composition for diagnosing the toxicity of nanoparticles, which shows a change in expression by exposure to the nanoparticles, the biomarker composition comprising at least one gene selected from the group consisting of aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic acid decarboxylase and glutamate-ammonia ligase, and to a method for evaluating the toxicity of nanoparticles using the same. The biomarker is a gene marker having a high correlation with the toxicity of nanoparticles, and the use of the biomarker can determine whether nanoparticles have toxicity, with high detection sensitivity. Also, the method is useful in monitoring or evaluating the toxicity of nanoparticles by analyzing factors having a high correlation with toxicity of nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound represented by formula 1 in the present specification or a pharmaceutically acceptable thereof, which inhibits an apoptosis mechanism of auditory hair cells for various ototoxicities leading to deafness, and protects the auditory organ and hearing, a method for preparation thereof, and a composition containing the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses for establishing a routing path in a multi-hop network. The methods comprises (a) transmitting a notification message associated with communication problem to neighboring nodes, (b) deriving approaching characteristics of a communication problem-causing element from the notification message, and (c) establishing a routing path based on the approaching characteristics of the communication problem-causing element. With the methods and apparatuses, it is possible to determine a path that is expected to experience a communication problem based on the approaching characteristics of a communication problem-causing element and to adaptively establish a reliable routing path.