Abstract: An electrode according to an embodiment includes a support, and a catalyst layer including a sheet layer and a gap layer stacked, alternately on the support. The catalyst layer includes noble oxide and non-noble oxide. 4 [wt %] or more and 8 [wt %] or less of metal elements included in the catalyst layer is non-noble metal. An average thickness of the gap layer is 6 [nm] or more and 50 [nm] or less.

Abstract: An electrode according to an embodiment includes a support, an intermediate layer including carbon particles and resin on the support, and a catalyst layer on the intermediate layer. A thickness of the intermediate layer is 70 [?m] or more and 300 [?m] or less.

Abstract: An electrode according to an embodiment includes a support and a catalyst layer including a sheet layer and a gap layer stacked alternately. Cracks or/and holes exist in the catalyst layer.

Abstract: A printing object surface has a cross-sectional shape curving along a printing advancing direction. The printing advancing direction is defined as a Y-axis, a direction orthogonal to the Y-axis and belonging to the cross-section is defined as a Z-axis, and a direction around an axis orthogonal to a Y-Z plane is defined as a ?-axis. A squeegee is disposed so as to be movable in the respective Y-, Z- and ?-axis directions. Information indicating a mutual relationship among respective Y-, Z- and ?-axis positions is obtained. The relationship is a relationship that enables performing printing while maintaining or substantially maintaining an angle formed by a direction tangent to a printing position in the printing object surface in the Y-Z plane and the squeegee. Printing is executed while the respective Y-, Z-, ?-axis positions of the squeegee relative to the printing object surface are controlled according to the obtained information.

Abstract: A printing object surface has a cross-sectional shape curving along a printing advancing direction. The printing advancing direction is defined as a Y-axis, a direction orthogonal to the Y-axis and belonging to the cross-section is defined as a Z-axis, and a direction around an axis orthogonal to a Y-Z plane is defined as a ?-axis. A squeegee is disposed so as to be movable in the respective Y-, Z- and ?-axis directions. Information indicating a mutual relationship among respective Y-, Z- and ?-axis positions is obtained. The relationship is a relationship that enables performing printing while maintaining or substantially maintaining an angle formed by a direction tangent to a printing position in the printing object surface in the Y-Z plane and the squeegee. Printing is executed while the respective Y-, Z-, ?-axis positions of the squeegee relative to the printing object surface are controlled according to the obtained information.

Abstract: Deterioration of characteristics due to repeated cycles of coloration and discoloration in an electrochromic element comprising an oxidative coloration layer composed of a nickel oxide and a electrolyte composed of a solid electrolyte is suppressed. A lower ITO transparent electrode film 12 is formed on a transparent substrate 10. A nickel oxide film 32 making up an oxidative coloration layer, an intermediate layer 33, a tantalum oxide film making up a solid electrolyte layer, a mixed film comprising a tungsten oxide and a titanium oxide making up a reductive coloration layer, and an upper ITO transparent electrode film 20 making up an upper electrode film are formed on the lower ITO transparent electrode film 12 on this order. The intermediate layer 33 is a transparent film comprising a metal oxide such as SnO2, a metal such as Al, or a composite of the metal oxide and the metal.

Abstract: Deterioration of characteristics due to repeated cycles of coloration and discoloration in an electrochromic element comprising an oxidative coloration layer composed of a nickel oxide and a electrolyte composed of a solid electrolyte is suppressed. A lower ITO transparent electrode film 12 is formed on a transparent substrate 10. A nickel oxide film 32 making up an oxidative coloration layer, an intermediate layer 33, a tantalum oxide film making up a solid electrolyte layer, a mixed film comprising a tungsten oxide and a titanium oxide making up a reductive coloration layer, and an upper ITO transparent electrode film 20 making up an upper electrode film are formed on the lower ITO transparent electrode film 12 on this order. The intermediate layer 33 is a transparent film comprising a metal oxide such as SnO2, a metal such as Al, or a composite of the metal oxide and the metal.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrochromic device in which a color during the coloring mode is gray. A lower ITO transparent electrode film 12 constituting a lower electrode film is formed on a transparent glass substrate 10. On the lower ITO transparent film 12, a nickel oxides film 32 constituting an oxidation coloring layer, a tantalum oxide film 16 constituting a solid-state electrolyte layer, a mixture film 34 of tungsten oxide and titanium oxide constituting a reduction coloring layer and an lower ITO transparent electrode film 20 constituting a upper electrode film are formed sequentially. The color during the coloring mode is gray and the color during the bleaching mode is achromatic.

Abstract: A solid type EC element having a substrate; a lower electrode layer formed on the substrate; an EC layer formed on the lower electrode layer; and an upper electrode layer formed on the EC layer is disclosed in which coloring regions having a complicated shape can easily be applied, and a phenomenon of blurred color occurring around coloring regions can be prevented. The lower electrode layer is divided by one or more parting lines non-linearly formed along the outline of a desired coloring region so as to surround the coloring region into a portion for forming a coloring region including the coloring region and a portion for not forming a coloring region not including the coloring region in the state the portion for forming a coloring region and the portion for not forming a coloring region are not conducted to each other.

Abstract: A tapping electrode for a lower electrode film and a tapping electrode for an upper electrode film are provided on one side of an area around a substrate. By placing the electrode-tapping elements on one side, for example, applying the electrochromic element to an automobile antiglare mirror, the effective field of the mirror is increased to contribute to safety. A mirror ring that surrounds the outer circumference of the mirror can be made slim, enhancing a smart look from the viewpoint of design. Also, in comparison with a case in which the electrode is tapped on two or more sides, the present design makes it possible to secure the same effective visibility with a lightweight design.

Abstract: A solid type EC element having a substrate; a lower electrode layer formed on the substrate; an EC layer formed on the lower electrode layer; and an upper electrode layer formed on the EC layer is disclosed in which coloring regions having a complicated shape can easily be applied, and a phenomenon of blurred color occurring around coloring regions can be prevented. The lower electrode layer is divided by one or more parting lines non-linearly formed along the outline of a desired coloring region so as to surround the coloring region into a portion for forming a coloring region including the coloring region and a portion for not forming a coloring region not including the coloring region in the state the portion for forming a coloring region and the portion for not forming a coloring region are not conducted to each other. Layers, which make up the EC layer, and the upper electrode layer is formed so as to entirely cover the coloring area.

Abstract: As shown in FIG. 3, in the present invention, a tapping electrode 2a for a lower electrode film 2 and a tapping electrode 4a for an upper electrode film 4 are provided on one side of an area around a substrate 1. By placing the electrode-tapping elements on one side, for example, applying the electrochromic element to an automobile antiglare mirror, the effective field of the mirror is increased to contribute the safety. a mirror ring which surrounds the outer circumference of the mirror can be made slim, enhancing a smart looking from the viewpoint of the design. Also, in comparison with the case where the electrode is tapped on two or more sides, the present invention makes it possible to secure the same effective visibility with a lightweight.