Abstract: A heating/cooling method, a manufacturing method of an image displaying apparatus, a heating/cooling apparatus, and a heating/cooling processing apparatus, in which the heating and cooling of a substrate can be executed at a high speed are provided.

Abstract: A heating/cooling method, a manufacturing method of an image displaying apparatus, a heating/cooling apparatus, and a heating/cooling processing apparatus, in which the heating and cooling of a substrate can be executed at a high speed are provided.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates each provided with a plurality of electrodes and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed so as to fill a prescribed gap between the substrates together with a plurality of spacers dispersed therein. The substrates includes a substrate having four sides at least one of which has a connecting portion to be connected with a drive circuit supplying a voltage to associated electrodes. The prescribed gap is decreased with an increasing distance from the connecting portion, whereby an uneven temperature distribution within the device resulting from heat generation in the vicinity of the connecting portion for the drive circuit can be alleviated or minimized to improve a display irregularity.

Abstract: An apparatus for spraying a spacer material having a sprayer for spraying the spacer material; a charger for applying an electrical charge to the spacer material; and a device for imparting a potential to an electrode disposed in the rear of a plate for constituting a liquid crystal cell wherein the potential causes an electrical attraction to take place between the charged spacer material and the electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus for spraying a spacer material having a sprayer for spraying the spacer material; a charger for applying an electrical charge to the spacer material; and a device for imparting a potential to an electrode disposed in the rear of a plate for constituting a liquid crystal cell wherein the potential causes an electrical attraction to take place between the charged spacer material and the electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprising an alignment-controlling film formed by applying an aqueous solution containing one part by weight of polyvinyl alcohol and 2 to 4 parts by weight of titanium alkoxide to a substrate surface, followed by heating.

Abstract: An improvement in an electro-optical device, such as a liquid-crystal panel, having a pair of substrates and an optical modulating substance disposed between the substrates, comprising hard gap controllers of a material which cannot be heat-bonded to the substrates and soft gap controllers of a material heat-bondable to the substrates being mutually dispersed in the optical modulating substance between the substrates. These gap controllers effectively prevent distortion of the cell and eliminate degradation of the display quality which may otherwise be caused due to generation of interference color.

Abstract: An input element which comprises a pair of transparent substrates, of which at least one is flexible, each having electrodes of transparent electroconductive film on its surface, being arranged in confrontation with the surface provided with the electrodes facing each other with a space therebetween, and a first spacer being arranged at the peripheral portions of the pair of substrates to hold the space, wherein a reflective convex second spacers in dot are provided on the lower substrate all over the inside surface of the element.