Abstract: A navigation control system includes an obstacle detector on a hull to detect a distance from a hull to an obstacle on a water surface and a position of the obstacle, a thruster on the hull to generate a propulsive force, a steering to steer the thruster to right and left sides of the hull, and a controller configured or programmed to perform a control to determine an obstacle avoidance route based on a route function including at least an indicator of a lateral acceleration that acts on the hull during steering of the thruster when the obstacle is detected by the obstacle detector.

Abstract: A marine propulsion system includes a controller configured or programmed to perform a marine vessel traveling direction control such that a traveling direction of a marine vessel is changed to a predetermined angle equal to or greater than a first angle with respect to a traveling direction of waves toward the marine vessel when the traveling direction of the marine vessel is less than the first angle with respect to the traveling direction of the waves toward the marine vessel.

Abstract: A marine vessel maneuvering system includes a controller configured or programmed to perform a water entry determination control to determine whether or not water behind a hull that rises above a water surface due to deceleration of the hull may enter the hull when the hull is decelerating.

Abstract: An organ region extracting section that extracts at least one organ region from a three dimensional image of a subject; a directional data obtaining section that obtains directional data of the subject based on one of the position of the organ region within the body of the subject and the shape of the organ region; a stage region extracting section that extracts a region of a stage on which the subject is placed from the three dimensional image; and a posture data obtaining section that obtains posture data of the subject on the stage, based on the region of the stage and the directional data of the subject; are provided.

Abstract: An organ region extracting section that extracts at least one organ region from a three dimensional image of a subject; a directional data obtaining section that obtains directional data of the subject based on one of the position of the organ region within the body of the subject and the shape of the organ region; a stage region extracting section that extracts a region of a stage on which the subject is placed from the three dimensional image; and a posture data obtaining section that obtains posture data of the subject on the stage, based on the region of the stage and the directional data of the subject; are provided.

Abstract: An air cleaner device for exchanging an element without permitting dust and dirt collected between the element and an air guide member in a clean side to fall and for smoothly permitting intake air to be supplied to the engine. An air cleaner device includes a cylindrical element with an air guide member including a guide sleeve formed into a diameter smaller than an inner diameter between element inner walls of the element which are served for inserting the air guide member from one end of the element and flange portions which are formed on the guide sleeve to be brought into contact with one end surface of the element. A cleaner case houses the element and the air guide member and an air intake duct portion which is mounted on a lower portion of the cleaner case and is arranged below the air guide member.

Abstract: An air cleaner structure that is capable of achieving smooth air-intake capability while separating water contained in air to supply clean air to the engine side. A lower half member of an air-intake duct is, when viewed from above, provided with a central partition and partitions located symmetrically in the vicinity of the central partition, partitions located near both ends, and narrowing passages and widening passages surrounded by the partitions. Air enters from the front of the vehicle body and flows like eddy currents from outlet ports of the widening passages to the outlet ports of the narrowing passages like eddy currents. Thus, coarse particulate and dust contained in the air stay on the outlet port side of the air-intake duct.

Abstract: An air cleaner device for exchanging an element without permitting dust and dirt collected between the element and an air guide member in a clean side to fall and for smoothly permitting intake air to be supplied to the engine. An air cleaner device includes a cylindrical element with an air guide member including a guide sleeve formed into a diameter smaller than an inner diameter between element inner walls of the element which are served for inserting the air guide member from one end of the element and flange portions which are formed on the guide sleeve to be brought into contact with one end surface of the element. A cleaner case houses the element and the air guide member and an air intake duct portion which is mounted on a lower portion of the cleaner case and is arranged below the air guide member.

Abstract: An air cleaner structure that is capable of achieving smooth air-intake capability while separating water contained in air to supply clean air to the engine side. A lower half member of an air-intake duct is, when viewed from above, provided with a central partition and partitions located symmetrically in the vicinity of the central partition, partitions located near both ends, and narrowing passages and widening passages surrounded by the partitions. Air enters from the front of the vehicle body and flows like eddy currents from outlet ports of the widening passages to the outlet ports of the narrowing passages like eddy currents. Thus, coarse particulate and dust contained in the air stay on the outlet port side of the air-intake duct.

Abstract: A can lid of the fully-open type has a disk-shaped panel, a score notched endlessly in a surface of the panel along an outer circumferential edge of the panel, for forming an opening in the panel, and a tab fixed to the panel by a rivet. The tab is attached in a direction substantially perpendicular to an initial tear-off line of the score. The surface of the panel which is concealed from view by the tab is printed with a circular mark representing a rolling direction in which the material of the panel has been rolled. The score is defined such that the rolling direction extends substantially at a right angle to the initial tear-off line of the score. The panel has an auxiliary score defined in the surface thereof near the rivet and positioned across the rivet from the initial tear-off line substantially parallel to the initial tear-off line and separate therefrom.

Abstract: A plurality of passages disposed in parallel are formed in an air cleaner interposed in an intake system of an engine. An intake control valve for opening/closing the a passage having a large cross-sectional area is provided in the air cleaner. An actuator for closing the intake control valve in a low speed rotational range of the engine and opening the intake control valve in a high speed rotational range of the engine is connected to the intake control valve.

Abstract: An Al alloy poppet valve is used in an internal combustion engine and has a valve head and a valve stem. At least the valve head is made of non-heat-treatable Al alloy in which ceramic particles such as oxide and carbide are uniformly dispersed, thereby increasing wear resistance and durability.

Abstract: A poppet valve in an internal combustion engine comprises a valve head and a valve stem. On a valve face of the valve head, a hardened layer of dendrites in which crystals are directed from the inside to the surface is formed, thereby increasing wear resistance of the valve face without cladding.

Abstract: A steel for exhaust valves comprises C: 0.50-0.65 wt %, Si: 0.1-0.3 wt %, Mn: 5.0-8.0 wt %, Cr: 22.0-24.0 wt %, Ni: 5.0-7.0 wt %, Cu: 0.4-1.0 wt %, Mo: 0.4-2.0 wt %, W: 0.4-2.0 wt %, Nb: 0.4-2.0 wt %, Ti: 0.1-0.3 wt %, N: 0.35-0.50 wt %, sol. Al: 0.005-0.03 wt %, B: 0.001-0.01 wt %, provided that (Cu+Ni): 5.8-7.6 wt %, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities and has excellent high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance at room and higher temperatures and oxidation resistance.

Abstract: To provide a compact exhaust apparatus for allowing exhaust sounds of each cylinder to be heard. A muffler includes a tubular member the inside of which is divided into three independent expansion paths by partition plates. The partition plates extend in an axial direction. Each of the expansion paths is divided into a first expansion chamber, a second expansion chamber and a third expansion chamber by diametrical partitions. The first expansion chamber and the second expansion chamber are in communication with each other by way of a pipe while the second expansion chamber and the third expansion chamber are communicated with each other by way of a second pipe. A tail pipe is connected to each pipe to discharge exhaust gas to the outside.

Abstract: A shim for a tappet is used in a valve operating mechanism in an internal combustion engine. On the surface of the shim which a cam slidably contacts, there are provided a number of bores in which lubricating oil is put. When an oil film disappears on the surface by slidable contact with the cam, oil overflows from the bores onto the surface. By increasing oil-keeping capability on the surface of the shim, frictional resistance is reduced, thereby preventing wear in the shim and the cam. The bores may be filled with a lubricating solid such as molybdenum disulfide or plastics, such as polyethylene, silicone and Teflon.RTM.. The diameter of the bores may become larger as the bores extend away from the surface of the shim, thereby preventing the solid material from being displaced from the bores. The density of the bores on the shim surface can also be varied. The density of the bores in the central area of the shim surface can be greater than in the surrounding area.

Abstract: There is provided an internal combustion engine valve having a body, a head, and a contact surface disposed on said head adapted to periodically enter into gas-sealing engagement with a valve seat, said contact surface being formed in metal deposit welded to said valve head, the composition of said metal deposit being Al and B free, and measured at said contact surface, consisting essentially ofcarbon: 1.3 to 2.0 weight percent;chromium: 19 to 23 weight percent;molybdenum: 8 to 11 weight percent;nickel: 17 to 21 weight percent;manganese: 6 to 13 weight percent;silicon: less than 0.5 weight percent;oxygen: less than 0.06 weight percent;balancing iron and inevitable impurities.

Abstract: There is provided a structure of a shim to be inserted in a clearance provided between a cam and a tappet in a moving valve mechanism of an internal combustion engine, wherein a volumetric density of the shim body is changed such that it is maximized at an upper surface of the shim, at which the shim is in contact with the cam when a compression load or shock from the cam is applied to the shim, and the density is gradually decreased from the maximized portion to a lower or peripheral portions.