Abstract: A wavelength conversion element includes a substrate, and a fluorescent material layer disposed on the substrate. The volume concentration of the fluorescent material in the fluorescent material layer is equal to or higher than 15 vol %.

Abstract: An illumination device includes a light source device adapted to emit a third light beam including a first component in a first polarization state, a polarization separation element to which the third light beam is input, a retardation element, and a diffusely reflecting element having a concavo-convex structure including a plurality of curved surfaces. The first component having passed through the retardation element via the polarization separation element, is then reflected by the diffusely reflecting element, then passed through the retardation element again, and then enters the polarization separation element. Thus, the fourth component in the second polarization state out of the first component is emitted from the illumination device via the polarization separation element.

Abstract: A illumination device includes a light source, a diffractive optical element on which light emitted from the light source is made incident, and a superimposing optical system on which diffracted light emitted from the diffractive optical element is made incident. A direction of a principal ray in the center of the diffracted light coincides with an optical axis of the superimposing optical system. Consequently, it is possible to reduce an aberration due to the superimposing optical system and to emit illumination light having a more uniform illuminance distribution.

Abstract: An illumination device includes a substrate including a fluorescent layer, and capable of rotating around a predetermined rotary shaft, a light source adapted to emit an excitation light adapted to excite the fluorescent layer, and a control device adapted to control emission of the light source so that, when the substrate is rotating, a first area of the fluorescent layer is irradiated with the excitation light in one round, and at least a part of the first area is not irradiated with the excitation light in another round.

Abstract: A drive train system for an automobile includes a power unit, a differential and a rigid frame coupling the power unit and the differential. The drive train system is oriented so that it extends in the lengthwise direction of the automobile, and has an engine mounted near the front end of the automobile body and providing the automobile with rear wheel drive. A structure used for mounting the drive train system includes power unit mounts for supporting primarily the power unit and a differential mount for supporting primarily the differential. The power unit mounts are disposed at a position or positions either in front of or behind the center of gravity of the whole drive train system in the lengthwise direction of the automobile, and the differential mount is disposed, depending on the position of the power unit mounts, at a position either rearward of or forward of axle shafts of the differential in the lengthwise direction of the automobile.

Abstract: A particular rear suspension supporting structure has a cross member secured to a vehicle body on opposite sides of a tunnel formed in a floor panel. A power plant, including a front power unit located in a front vehicle body portion and a rear axle differential located under a rear vehicle body portion, is located in the tunnel and extends transversely under the floor panel. The supporting structure pivotally supports rear suspension systems at its opposite ends. The cross member includes a center cross member, extending transversely over the tunnel and secured at its opposite ends to the vehicle body on opposite sides of the tunnel, and a pair of side cross members. Each of the side cross members is connected at one end to one end of the center cross member, and extends laterally so as to pivotally support the rear suspension system at another end thereof.

Abstract: An upper part of a strut is attached throught a rubber bushing to a body side member, and an upper spring sheet is attached to a lower surface of the rubber bushing. By this arrangement, in the loaded condition, the rubber bushing is compressed by the coil spring force so that comfort of ride and cornering stability are improved.

Abstract: A power train system for a vehicle includes a power unit which is positioned in the front of the vehicle body, a differential which is positioned in the rear of the vehicle body, a propeller shaft which connects the power unit and the differential to transmit the engine output power to the rear wheels, and a power plant frame which rigidly connects the rear portion of the power unit and the front portion of the differential. The differential is resiliently connected to a chassis side member by a cylindrical rubber bushing member which has an outer tubular member fixed to the differential, a shaft member which is fixed to the chassis side member and extends horizontally in the transverse direction of the vehicle body, and a rubber member which is interposed between the outer tubular member and the shaft member.

Abstract: A suspension system for a vehicle includes a driving wheel support which supports for rotation a driving wheel of the vehicle, and a wheel guide which includes a plurality of arm members each of which is connected to the driving wheel support at its outer end and to the vehicle body at its inner end. The wheel guide restrains the toe angle of the driving wheel, and is arranged to cause the driving wheel to move in the direction of toe-in when a rearward load acts on the driving wheel and the driving wheel is displaced rearward. The wheel guide includes a resilient support member and a toe-out restraining member. The resilient support member resiliently supports the driving wheel support relative to the vehicle body and is arranged to contract when an external force acts thereon in a certain direction and to expand when an external force acts thereon in the reverse direction so that the driving wheel moves in the direction of toe-in when a forward driving force acts on the driving wheel.