Abstract: Provided is a heater including: a substrate that has electrical conductivity; a first insulation portion that is provided on a first surface of the substrate, has an insulation property; at least one heat generation body that is provided on the first insulation portion; a second insulation portion that is provided on a second surface of the substrate which is opposite to the first surface, has an insulation property; at least one detection unit that is provided on at least one of the first insulation portion and the second insulation portion; and a first wiring which is provided on at least one of the first insulation portion and the second insulation portion, and in which one end is electrically connected to one terminal of the detection unit and the other end is electrically connected to the substrate having the electrical conductivity.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a medical training simulation model having a display enabling training by a simulation model simulating the structure of an organism, and objective and visual recognition of the three-dimensional position of an inserted endoscope, a finger or the like in an organ or tissue.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a medical training simulation model having a display enabling training by a simulation model simulating the structure of an organism, and objective and visual recognition of the three-dimensional position of an inserted endoscope, a finger or the like in an organ or tissue.

Abstract: An image data compressing method for deleting an isosurface generated based on a three-dimensioned data includes: sequentially retrieving triangles in an ascending order of size for a generated isosurface; determining using a representative point of a triangle whether or not an error occurring in a case that the triangle is deleted is within tolerance; performing a processing of deleting the triangle and deleting or changing an adjacent related triangle when the error is within tolerance; and not deleting the triangle in a case that the error is beyond tolerance, thereby retrieving a next triangle and repeating a similar processing.

Abstract: Shadow images, which are formed on a light-receiving surface by occluding light emitted from a light source with at least one occluding surface, are drawn by the generating data representative of brightness discontinuity edges that partition the light-receiving surface into loop areas that are completely occluded by the occluding surface and loop areas that are partially or totally irradiated by the light source. An irradiation state is assigned to each loop area. The loop areas are then divided into meshes according to the irradiation state assigned to the loop area. Pixel data is generated for each element of the mesh and output for display on a display device.

Abstract: To provide high-speed volume rendering without computing the points at which a viewing ray intersects with the boundaries of a volume data area.

Abstract: A method and system for displaying a three-dimensional object without requiring depth sorting of polygons or z-buffer calculation. The three-dimensional space is divided into rectangular parallelepipeds and tetrahedrons. A determination of the depth order of the rectangular parallelepipeds and tetrahedrons is made based on a view vector. The rectangles and tetrahedrons are then processed in order of depth from the furthest from the view point to the nearest. As each tetrahedron is processed, geometric data of a polygon containing the iso-valued surface is determined, the intensity of illumination calculated and the polygon data transferred to the display apparatus for display. The method and system of the present invention avoid the need for large memories to store intermediate data.

Abstract: Portions showing greater specular reflection of an object to be displayed are displayed with pixels whose opacity, .alpha..sub.1, is emphasized according to the specular reflected component of a shading model, in which case the specular reflected component thus calculated for shading is also utilized for arithmetic operation of emphasized opacity, .alpha..sub.1, and high-speed processing is sought through tabulating various variables such as .alpha..sub.s (an additional opacity introduced for emphasis by a specular reflected component), .alpha..sub.n (a primary opacity), and G (a gradient vector).

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for generating images by using a ray-tracing method. The method for generating images according to the invention registers only a cell containing the surface of an object among cells that are obtained by dividing the region containing the object to be displayed. The calculation of intersection points is performed only for rectangular parallelepipeds in which the surface exists. Thus it is possible to reduce the time required for displaying the object.