Abstract: A lighting device at least has: a plurality of light emitting elements that emit light by a forward direction current; a direct-current power supply; a first wiring and a second wiring for supplying electrical power to the plurality of light emitting elements from the direct-current power supply; and a switch for switching the polarity of the electrical power to be supplied to the first wiring and the second wiring; in which the plurality of light emitting elements include forward direction connection in which the forward direction current flows when the electrical power having a positive polarity is applied to the first wiring and reverse direction connection in which the forward direction current flows when the electrical power having a positive polarity is applied to the second wiring and being connected between the first wiring and the second wiring.

Abstract: A method for producing an organic semiconductor device including a plurality of organic semiconductor layers laminated on a substrate includes forming a film of a liquid composition on a target surface, the liquid composition being composed of a material constituting one of the plurality of the organic semiconductor layers, the material being dissolved or dispersed in a first solvent, and the target surface including a substrate surface and a surface of any of the other of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers; altering a portion of the film adjacent to the target surface, the portion having a predetermined thickness, in such a manner that the portion is not dissolved in a predetermined solvent containing the first solvent; and removing an unaltered portion of the film in the step of altering the portion with the predetermined solvent.

Abstract: To provide an electro-optical device which has the high degree of freedom with regard to changes in the area of a pixel region, and which can adjust brightness or a life span between light-emitting elements, easily control the white balance, and lengthen the life span of the overall display device. A top emission type of electro-optical device comprises first wiring lines, second wiring lines substantially orthogonal to the first wiring lines, and pixel regions selected by the first and second wiring lines. The electro-optical device has a plurality of pixel regions, and at least one of the pixel regions is provided so as to exceed a unit region surrounded by one of the first wiring lines and one of the second wiring lines, which select the at least one pixel region, and another of the first wiring lines and another of the second wiring lines respectively adjacent to one of the first wiring lines and one of the second wiring lines.

Abstract: A method for producing an organic semiconductor device including a plurality of organic semiconductor layers laminated on a substrate includes forming a film of a liquid composition on a target surface, the liquid composition being composed of a material constituting one of the plurality of the organic semiconductor layers, the material being dissolved or dispersed in a first solvent, and the target surface including a substrate surface and a surface of any of the other of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers; altering a portion of the film adjacent to the target surface, the portion having a predetermined thickness, in such a manner that the portion is not dissolved in a predetermined solvent containing the first solvent; and removing an unaltered portion of the film in the step of altering the portion with the predetermined solvent.

Abstract: A light-emitting material according to the present invention is a film-forming material used for film formation by a liquid-phase method and is a light-emitting material for forming a light-emitting layer. The light-emitting material, which is a solution, includes a plurality of film-forming components and a solvent for dissolving the film-forming components. The ratio of each of the film-forming components in the light-emitting layer to be formed is different, and each of the film-forming components is prepared with a ratio substantially equal to the desired ratio and is dissolved in the solvent. Saturated concentrations of the film-forming components in the solution at a predetermined temperature are different from each other corresponding to the difference in the desired ratio.

Abstract: To provide an electro-optical device which has the high degree of freedom with regard to changes in the area of a pixel region, and which can adjust brightness or a life span between light-emitting elements, easily control the white balance, and lengthen the life span of the overall display device. A top emission type of electro-optical device comprises first wiring lines, second wiring lines substantially orthogonal to the first wiring lines, and pixel regions selected by the first and second wiring lines. The electro-optical device has a plurality of pixel regions, and at least one of the pixel regions is provided so as to exceed a unit region surrounded by one of the first wiring lines and one of the second wiring lines, which select the at least one pixel region, and another of the first wiring lines and another of the second wiring lines respectively adjacent to one of the first wiring lines and one of the second wiring lines.

Abstract: The invention provides a top-emitting electroluminescent device having excellent emission intensity achieved by improving the total transmittance of layers above a light-emitting layer, which include a transparent conductive film, and by enhancing electron injection efficiency. The top-emitting organic electroluminescent device can include a substrate, an electrode disposed on the substrate, a hole-injection layer disposed on the electrode, a light-emitting layer disposed on the hole-injection layer, a reduced layer disposed on the light-emitting layer, and a transparent conductive film disposed on the reduced layer. The reduced layer 5 can be formed by the reduction of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound with a reductant, resulting in an improvement in the electron injection efficiency to the light-emitting layer 4.