Abstract: A navigation apparatus comprises a navigation-related information generating section and a display section. The navigation-related information generating section measures the position and orientation of an object and a target in a three-dimensional space and generate navigation-related information to be used for navigating the object toward the target. The display section displays the navigation-related information generated by the navigation-related information generating section in any of different modes depending on the relationship of the position and orientation of the object and that of the target. A surgical operation image acquisition/display apparatus comprises an observation section, an image display section and a specifying section. The observation section includes a plurality of observation sections whose position and orientation is modifiable.

Abstract: A navigation apparatus comprises a navigation-related information generating section and a display section. The navigation-related information generating section measures the position and orientation of an object and a target in a three-dimensional space and generate navigation-related information to be used for navigating the object toward the target. The display section displays the navigation-related information generated by the navigation-related information generating section in any of different modes depending on the relationship of the position and orientation of the object and that of the target. A surgical operation image acquisition/display apparatus comprises an observation section, an image display section and a specifying section. The observation section includes a plurality of observation sections whose position and orientation is modifiable.

Abstract: A to-be-cleaned substrate is cleaned by use of an acid liquid agent in a cleaning cup, the remaining acid liquid agent is washed out by use of pure water, then an alkaline liquid agent is emitted to the surface of the to-be-cleaned substrate in the same cleaning cup to remove the acid liquid agent remaining on the to-be-cleaned substrate. A neutralization reaction between the acid and alkali is caused by emitting the alkaline liquid agent to the surface of the to-be-cleaned substrate so as to efficiently remove the acid liquid agent remaining on the surface of the to-be-cleaned substrate.

Abstract: A navigation apparatus comprises a navigation-related information generating section and a display section. The navigation-related information generating section measures the position and orientation of an object and a target in a three-dimensional space and generate navigation-related information to be used for navigating the object toward the target. The display section displays the navigation-related information generated by the navigation-related information generating section in any of different modes depending on the relationship of the position and orientation of the object and that of the target. A surgical operation image acquisition/display apparatus comprises an observation section, an image display section and a specifying section. The observation section includes a plurality of observation sections whose position and orientation is modifiable.

Abstract: A cellular video telephone terminal is capable of switching its operation mode between a voice communication and a voice and image communication in response to a manual operation on a key. A control unit checks whether the key is operated to effect the voice and image communication. The control unit sets volumes of a speaker and a microphone to low levels in the voice communication mode. The control unit sets the volumes of the same to high levels in the voice and image communication mode to enable hand-free operation.

Abstract: This specification discloses an invention directed to an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus for cleaning a cleaning target. The ultrasonic cleaning apparatus includes a liquid discharge nozzle having a discharge port to discharge a liquid therethrough, an ultrasonic vibrator for applying ultrasonic vibrations to the liquid which is to be supplied to the nozzle, and a cleaning member which is mounted on the discharge port of the nozzle, vibrates while holding therein the liquid discharged through the discharge port, and comes into contact with the cleaning target with a predetermined area, thereby scrub-cleaning the surface of the cleaning target.

Abstract: An intermittent reception waiting time period is roughly counted by counting low frequency clocks using a low frequency clock counter and a remainder of the intermittent reception waiting time period which cannot be counted with a time resolution of the low frequency clocks is counted by counting high frequency clock pulses using a high frequency clock counter with a high time resolution. Outputs of the high frequency clocks are prohibited while the intermittent reception waiting time period is counted by the low frequency clock counter. As a result, accurate start timing of an intermittent reception can be set with reduced power consumption caused by prohibiting the outputs of the high frequency clock pulses.

Abstract: A bird's eye view commonly used in a flight simulation is applicable to an apparatus and method for navigating a vehicle running on a set route of travel to a set destination using a (color) display unit according to the present invention. The bird's eye view of a road map surrounding a present position of the vehicle has a viewing point placed at a predetermined position on an upper sky in a direction opposite to the set destination with the present position of the vehicle as a reference and has a line of sight looking down over the road map so that a part of the road map surrounding the present position of the vehicle can be viewed in an extended scale form and the remaining part of the road map remote from the present position and nearer to the set destination can be viewed in a gradually reduction scale form.

Abstract: A baseband signal generator according to the present invention performs differential encoding and mapping processings for a digital baseband signal and limits bandwidths of the obtained symbol mapping data of an I phase and a Q phase by digital filters. Each digital filter includes a circuit for accumulating symbol mapping data corresponding to a plurality of symbol sections, a plurality of ROMs provided corresponding to the plurality of symbol sections for storing symbol data corresponding to a predetermined filter waveform, and an adder for adding symbol data output from there ROMs. The adder outputs a digital baseband signal whose bandwidth is limited, which signal is converted into an analog baseband signal by a D/A converter and supplied to an analog modulation unit.

Abstract: A digital DQPSK modulator according to the present: invention limits respective bands of symbol mapping data of I phase and Q phase obtained by applying differential encoding and mapping processings to a digital baseband signal, and multiplies the obtained data by the carrier signals by means of the digital filter. Such limiting of the bands and multiplication by the carrier signals are carried out by the digital filter in a time-divisionally multiplexed manner. The digital filter includes a circuit, for accumulating symbol mapping data for each of the I phase and the Q phase corresponding to a plurality of symbol sections, a plurality of ROMs corresponding to the plurality of symbol sections for storing a multiplication result of symbol data corresponding to a predetermined filter waveform and the carrier signal, and an adder for adding data output from these ROMs. The adder outputs a digital modulated signal which is, in turn, converted into an analog modulated signal by a D/A converter.

Abstract: Apparatus for demodulating an incoming digitally phase modulated analog signal to reproduce symbol data carried by the signal. Specifically, the demodulator relies on first counting, on a free-running and modulo basis, pulses of a fixed-frequency reference clock signal to form a counted value. The incoming signal is converted to a one-bit phase modulated digital signal. At the occurrence of a pre-defined point in the one-bit phase modulated signal, typically a rising edge occurring at the symbol rate, the counted value is stored as phase information. Within each symbol period, a difference between current and immediately prior counted values, i.e. the latter being a current value but delayed by one symbol period, is determined. This difference, i.e. phase change data, is subsequently sampled and decoded to yield reproduced symbol data, as well as, used, through a phase locked loop, to generate a data clock and the symbol clock.

Abstract: A digital modulator includes a signal source for a digital baseband signal and a signal source for carrier phase information. The digital baseband signal is converted into amplitude information of an I phase, a Q phase, an I' phase and a Q' phase by a mapping circuit. The carrier phase information is converted into four phase information with phases shifted by shift registers to be out of phase by .pi./4 from each other. The digital modulator includes four ROM, each ROM outputting a multiplication result of the corresponding amplitude information and carrier signal based on the corresponding one of the four amplitude information as a higher order address and the corresponding one of the four phase information as a lower order address. These outputs are added to each other in a digital manner and then converted into an analog signal which is supplied as a modulated signal.

Abstract: In a cellular-type communication system, a receiving apparatus of a mobile station which has received a forward control channel message recovers word synchronization of the received data. More particularly, the receiving apparatus converts serial FOCC data into a 8-bit parallel data signal while generating 8-bit parallel synchronization data indicative of a word synchronizing position in the parallel data above, and thus applies these two parallel data to a microcomputer. The microcomputer detects the synchronizing position of the synchronization data and then determines effectiveness of those data among the data signal that follow the corresponding bit position, for storing them in a memory.