Abstract: A polyester resin emulsion contains resin particles(S), each containing a polyester resin (A) obtained by polycondensation of an alcohol component and a carboxylic acid component, and an aqueous medium in which the resin particles(S) are dispersed, wherein the alcohol component contains tri- or tetra-alcohol having a backbone of a linear or branched saturated fatty acid with a carbon number of 4 to 6, and the ratio (OHV/AV) of a hydroxyl value (OHV) of the polyester resin (A) to an acid value (AV) of the polyester resin (A) is from 0.20 to 0.60.

Abstract: An amorphous polyester resin includes an environmentally friendly component. An environmentally friendly component content of the amorphous polyester resin is 40% by mass or greater and 80% by mass or less. The amorphous polyester resin is a sulfo group-containing amorphous polyester resin. A sulfo group content of the sulfo group-containing amorphous polyester resin is 2 mol % or greater and 10 mol % or less.

Abstract: A resin particle contains an amorphous resin, a crystalline resin C containing a biomass-derived resin, and at least one of polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate, wherein the resin particle has a core-shell structure comprising a core resin and a shell resin, the core resin comprises the crystalline resin C, and the proportion of the total mass of the biomass-derived resin, the polyethylene terephthalate, and the polybutylene terephthalate to the resin particle at 100 percent by mass is 30 or more percent by mass.

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner comprises colored particles and external additives present on surfaces of the colored particles. The colored particles each comprise a core and a shell layer. The core contains a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a colorant. The shell layer contains a resin and has a thickness of from 30 to 130 nm. The external additives comprise a metal oxide and a silicon compound. An electronegativity X(A) of the metal oxide and an electronegativity X(Si) of the silicon compound satisfy a relation 0.5?X(A)/X(Si)?0.8. A proportion of an amount of the metal oxide directly adhered to the surfaces of the colored particles to a total amount of the metal oxide present on the colored particles is from 60% to 90% by mass.

Abstract: A toner includes toner matrix particles containing resin and wax; and an external additive, wherein an average number of voids per toner is 5 or more and 10 or less per toner with a void diameter ? (nm) of voids in the toner matrix particles being 500 ? ? ? 200, as measured based on cross-sectional observation by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Abstract: A toner includes: toner base particles each containing a binder resin; and resin particles on a surface of each of the toner base particles. A glass transition temperature (Tg) of the toner at the first heating in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is 20° C. or higher and 50° C. or lower. A glass transition temperature of a tetrahydrofuran (THF)-insoluble component of the toner at the first heating in DSC is ?40° C. or higher and 10° C. or lower. An average circularity of the toner is 0.970 or more and 0.985 or less. A standard deviation of the average circularity is 0.020 or less.

Abstract: A toner includes toner base particles each containing a binder resin and a release agent, and resin particles on a surface of each of the toner base particles. A ratio (Iw/Ir) is 0.10 or more and 0.30 or less, where Ir is a peak height of the binder resin and Iw is a peak height of the release agent, as measured through attenuated total reflection (ATR). A standard deviation ? (nm) of distances L (nm) between the resin particles that are adjacent to each other on the surface of each of the toner base particles is 150 nm or more and 500 nm or less.

Abstract: A toner includes toner base particles and external additives deposited on a surface of the toner base particle. The toner base particle includes an amorphous polyester resin, a crystalline polyester resin, a release agent, and resin particles. An abundance ratio of the crystalline polyester resin in the surface of the toner base particle as observed by TEM is 2.5% or greater but 25% or less. The resin particles are deposited at the surface of the toner base particle as observed by SEM. A ratio of aggregates of the resin particles occupying the surface of the toner base particle is 1% or greater but 70% or less, where R is a major axis of the minimum particle of the resin particles, and the resin particle having a major axis of 3R or greater is determined as the aggregate.

Abstract: Provided is a toner including toner base particles and resin particles. Each toner base particle includes a binder resin, a colorant, and wax. Each resin particle e has a core-shell structure including a core and a shell, where a glass transition temperature TgA of the shell is higher than a glass transition temperature TgB of the core. A surface of each toner base particle is covered with the resin particles. A storage elastic modulus G?1 of the toner at 70° C. during heating is 1.0×105 Pa or greater but 1.0×103 Pa or less, and a storage elastic modulus G?2 of the toner at 100° C. during heating is 1.0×104 Pa or greater but 5.0×104 Pa or less, as the toner is measured by a rheometer.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image bearer, a developing unit configured to develop with a toner, an intermediate transfer member, and a transferring unit, wherein the intermediate transfer member is a laminate including a base layer and an elastic layer including particles at a surface thereof to form convex-concave shapes at the surface, the particles have volume resistivity of from 1×100 ohm*cm through 1×109 ohm*cm, the toner includes additive, an amount of the additive separated from the toner is from 20 percent by mass through 35 percent by mass relative to a total amount of the additive in the toner when a toner dispersion liquid in which the toner is dispersed in a dispersant is irradiated with ultrasonic wave vibration with an irradiation energy dose of 4 kJ, and the toner has a dielectric constant of 2.6 or greater but 3.9 or less.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a toner having excellent low-temperature fixing, heat-resistant-storage property, cleaning performance, and filming resistance. A toner containing toner base particles having a crystalline polyester resin and an amorphous polyester resin includes a plurality of organic particles disposed at least partially embedded in a surface of the toner base particles. A percentage of the crystalline polyester resin occupying the surface of the toner base particles is 4% to 20%, a volume average particle size of the organic particles is 10 nm to 40 nm, and a standard deviation of a distance between adjacent particles of the organic particles that are not in contact is 500 nm or less.

Abstract: A toner includes toner particles, each including: a toner base particle including a binder resin, a colorant, and wax; and resin particles on a surface of the toner base particle, wherein Formulae 1 to 3 below are satisfied, where M is a volume average primary particle diameter (nm) of the resin particles, and L is a distance (nm) between the resin particles present next to one another on the surface of the toner base particle: M<L;??(Formula 1) 5 (nm)<M?60 (nm); and??(Formula 2) 0.40?[M (nm)/L (nm)]<0.90.

Abstract: A toner includes toner base particles each including: a binder resin, a colorant, and wax; and resin particles on surfaces of the toner base particles. A standard deviation of a distance between the resin particles next to each other on the surfaces of the toner base particles is less than 500 nm.

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner comprises colored particles and external additives present on surfaces of the colored particles. The colored particles each comprise a core and a shell layer. The core contains a crystalline resin, a non-crystalline resin, and a colorant. The shell layer contains a resin and has a thickness of from 30 to 130 nm. The external additives comprise a metal oxide and a silicon compound. An electronegativity X(A) of the metal oxide and an electronegativity X(Si) of the silicon compound satisfy a relation 0.5?X(A)/X(Si)?0.8. A proportion of an amount of the metal oxide directly adhered to the surfaces of the colored particles to a total amount of the metal oxide present on the colored particles is from 60% to 90% by mass.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image bearer, a developing unit configured to develop with a toner, an intermediate transfer member, and a transferring unit, wherein the intermediate transfer member is a laminate including a base layer and an elastic layer including particles at a surface thereof to form convex-concave shapes at the surface, the particles have volume resistivity of from 1×100 ohm*cm through 1×109 ohm*cm, the toner includes additive, an amount of the additive separated from the toner is from 20 percent by mass through 35 percent by mass relative to a total amount of the additive in the toner when a toner dispersion liquid in which the toner is dispersed in a dispersant is irradiated with ultrasonic wave vibration with an irradiation energy dose of 4 kJ, and the toner has a dielectric constant of 2.6 or greater but 3.9 or less.

Abstract: A fixing method is provided including the step of fixing a toner on a recording medium with a fixing device. The toner has a binder resin, a colorant, and a release agent, and has a release agent amount indicator of from 0.01 to 0.20. The release agent amount indicator is represented by a ratio (P2850/P828) of an intensity (P2850) at a wave number of 2,850 cm?1 to an intensity (P828) at a wave number of 828 cm?1 of the toner measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy attenuated total reflection method. The fixing device includes a fixing rotator driven to rotate by a driving source, a pressure rotator driven to rotate by rotation of the fixing rotator, a fixing belt interposed between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator, and a heater to heat the fixing belt.

Abstract: A fixing method is provided including the step of fixing a toner on a recording medium with a fixing device. The toner comprises a binder resin, a colorant, and a release agent, and has a release agent amount indicator of from 0.01 to 0.20. The release agent amount indicator is represented by a ratio (P2850/P828) of an intensity (P2850) at a wave number of 2,850 cm?1 to an intensity (P828) at a wave number of 828 cm?1 of the toner measured by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy attenuated total reflection method. The fixing device includes a fixing rotator driven to rotate by a driving source, a pressure rotator driven to rotate by rotation of the fixing rotator, a fixing belt interposed between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator, and a heater to heat the fixing belt.

Abstract: A toner comprising a binder resin and a release agent, wherein the toner has a difference of 30 or less between a maximum value and a minimum value among peak intensities in a range of Molecular weight M±300 where Molecular weight M is a molecular weight selected from a range of from 300 through 5,000 in a molecular weight distribution of tetrahydrofuran (THF)-soluble components in the toner as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and wherein the peak intensities are defined as relative values assuming a maximum peak value in molecular weights of 20,000 or less is 100, in a molecular weight distribution curve taking an intensity as a vertical axis and a molecular weight as a horizontal axis as measured by GPC.

Abstract: A toner comprising a binder resin and a release agent, wherein the toner has a difference of 30 or less between a maximum value and a minimum value among peak intensities in a range of Molecular weight M±300 where Molecular weight M is a molecular weight selected from a range of from 300 through 5,000 in a molecular weight distribution of tetrahydrofuran (THF)-soluble components in the toner as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and wherein the peak intensities are defined as relative values assuming a maximum peak value in molecular weights of 20,000 or less is 100, in a molecular weight distribution curve taking an intensity as a vertical axis and a molecular weight as a horizontal axis as measured by GPC.