Abstract: A semiconductor device according to an embodiment includes: a first nitride semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface; a first source electrode provided on the first surface; a first drain electrode provided on the first surface; a first gate electrode provided on the first surface between the first source electrode and the first drain electrode; a second nitride semiconductor layer having a third surface and a fourth surface, the third surface being provided on the second surface and facing the second surface, and the second nitride semiconductor layer having a smaller band gap than the first nitride semiconductor layer; and a first semiconductor device having a fifth surface provided on the fourth surface and facing the fourth surface with a size equal to or smaller than a size of the fourth surface, the first semiconductor device including a first semiconductor material having a smaller band gap than the second nitride semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A storage device stores a first mapping that receives, as an input, first input variables including a previously estimated value for a fuel temperature variable, a pump variable on a state of a fuel pump, a first engine variable on a state of an engine, and an outside air temperature variable on an outside air temperature, and outputs the fuel temperature variable. Further, an execution device is configured to acquire the first input variables and estimate the fuel temperature variable by applying the acquired first input variables to the first mapping. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the fuel temperature variable by applying the first input variables to the first mapping even without providing a temperature sensor.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a fuel supply apparatus is used in an engine system. The engine system includes an engine including a fuel injection valve, and the fuel supply apparatus including a fuel pump configured to supply fuel in a fuel tank to a supply pipe connected to the fuel injection valve, and a relief valve provided in the supply pipe. The control apparatus for the fuel supply apparatus includes an executor configured to execute, when the fuel is supplied to the fuel tank, relief pressure control for driving the fuel pump to open the relief valve until a predetermined termination condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A fuel type estimation system configured to estimate a type variable related to a type of fuel in an engine system including an engine and a fuel supply apparatus includes a storage device and an execution device. The storage device is configured to store a mapping that uses, as inputs, input variables including an engine variable related to a condition of the engine and outputs the type variable. The execution device is configured to acquire the input variables, and estimate the type variable by applying the acquired input variables to the mapping.

Abstract: A storage device is configured to store a first mapping that receives, as an input, a first input variable including a cam phase variable on present and past phases of a cam, and output a pulsating variable on a pulsating component. The execution device is configured to acquire the first input variable and estimate the pulsating variable by applying the acquired first input variable to the first mapping. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the pulsating variable without providing a low-pressure fuel pressure sensor by estimating a fuel pressure variable by applying the first input variable to the first mapping.

Abstract: A fuel pressure estimation system estimates a fuel pressure variable on a fuel pressure in a supply pipe for an engine apparatus including an engine having a fuel injection valve, and a fuel supply device having a fuel pump that supplies the fuel in a fuel tank to the supply pipe, and includes a storage device and an execution device. The storage device stores a first mapping that receives, as an input, first input variables including a pump variable, a consumption flow rate variable on a consumption flow rate of the fuel, and a property variable on a property of the fuel, and outputs the fuel pressure variable. The execution device acquires the first input variables and estimates the fuel pressure variable by applying the first input variables to the first mapping.

Abstract: A fuel type estimation system configured to estimate a type variable related to a type of fuel in an engine system including an engine and a fuel supply apparatus includes a storage device and an execution device. The storage device is configured to store a mapping that uses, as inputs, input variables including an engine variable related to a condition of the engine and outputs the type variable. The execution device is configured to acquire the input variables, and estimate the type variable by applying the acquired input variables to the mapping.

Abstract: A storage device is configured to store a first mapping that receives, as an input, a first input variable including a cam phase variable on present and past phases of a cam, and output a pulsating variable on a pulsating component. The execution device is configured to acquire the first input variable and estimate the pulsating variable by applying the acquired first input variable to the first mapping. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the pulsating variable without providing a low-pressure fuel pressure sensor by estimating a fuel pressure variable by applying the first input variable to the first mapping.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a fuel supply apparatus is used in an engine system. The engine system includes an engine including a fuel injection valve, and the fuel supply apparatus including a fuel pump configured to supply fuel in a fuel tank to a supply pipe connected to the fuel injection valve, and a relief valve provided in the supply pipe. The control apparatus for the fuel supply apparatus includes an executor configured to execute, when the fuel is supplied to the fuel tank, relief pressure control for driving the fuel pump to open the relief valve until a predetermined termination condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A storage device stores a first mapping that receives, as an input, first input variables including a previously estimated value for a fuel temperature variable, a pump variable on a state of a fuel pump, a first engine variable on a state of an engine, and an outside air temperature variable on an outside air temperature, and outputs the fuel temperature variable. Further, an execution device is configured to acquire the first input variables and estimate the fuel temperature variable by applying the acquired first input variables to the first mapping. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the fuel temperature variable by applying the first input variables to the first mapping even without providing a temperature sensor.

Abstract: A fuel pressure estimation system estimates a fuel pressure variable on a fuel pressure in a supply pipe for an engine apparatus including an engine having a fuel injection valve, and a fuel supply device having a fuel pump that supplies the fuel in a fuel tank to the supply pipe, and includes a storage device and an execution device. The storage device stores a first mapping that receives, as an input, first input variables including a pump variable, a consumption flow rate variable on a consumption flow rate of the fuel, and a property variable on a property of the fuel, and outputs the fuel pressure variable. The execution device acquires the first input variables and estimates the fuel pressure variable by applying the first input variables to the first mapping.

Abstract: This invention provides printing paper which comprises an aliphatic polyester resin utilizing a plant resource-derived biomass material, is excellent, for example, in traveling stability on a printing machine, material strength, reproduction of dots, print sharpness, and waterfastness and is suitable for use in applications where sheet offset printing is carried out, for example, commercial printing applications such as outdoor posters and maps, catalogs, pamphlets, and menues, and a label using the same. The printing paper is a film formed of an aliphatic polyester resin composition comprising 40 to 90% by weight of an aliphatic polyester resin (a) comprising a binary or higher material of aliphatic diol units represented by formula (I) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid units represented by formula (II) and 60 to 10% by weight of an inorganic fine powder (b).

Abstract: Provided are a printing paper which is made of an aliphatic polyester resin making use of a biomass raw material derived from plant resources, is excellent in running stability on a printer, substrate strength, halftone dot reproducibility, printing sharpness and water resistance and is suited for use in sheetfed offset printing, for example, commercial printing of outside posters, maps, catalogues, brochures and menus; and a label using the printing paper. The printing paper is made of an aliphatic polyester resin composition comprising from 40 to 90 wt. % of (a) an aliphatic polyester resin having at least an aliphatic diol unit represented by the following formula (I) and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid unit represented by the following formula (II); and from 60 to 10 wt.

Abstract: A powder compacting apparatus (1) has a top plate (3), a die plate (9) and a bottom plate (12), combined with each other as follows. The top plate (3) holds upper punches (4) in place by punch holders (5), and the die plate (9) firmly grips a die holder (8) holding dies (7). The bottom plate (12) keeps lower punches (11) in place gripped by clamps (32) so that an amount of powder fed into each die (7) is compacted to give a consolidated powder piece. The die plate (9) is composed of an upper part (9a) and a lower part (9b) so that the die holder (8) is sandwiched by and between the parts (9a, 9b), in such a manner that these parts cooperate with each other to secure each die (7) in position.

Abstract: A powder compacting apparatus (1) has a top plate (3), a die plate (9) and a bottom plate (12), combined with each other as follows. The top plate (3) holds upper punches (4) in place by punch holders (5), and the die plate (9) firmly grips a die holder (8) holding dies (7). The bottom plate (12) keeps lower punches (11) in place gripped by clamps (32) so that an amount of powder fed into each die (7) is compacted to give a consolidated powder piece. The die plate (9) is composed of an upper part (9a) and a lower part (9b) so that the die holder (8) is sandwiched by and between the parts (9a, 9b), in such a manner that these parts cooperate with each other to secure each die (7) in position.

Abstract: A system is for a diesel engine for detecting malfunctioning of an injection timing control apparatus. The apparatus controls an injection timing of fuel, pressurized by a pump, to be injected from injection nozzles. An electronic control unit (ECU) computes a target injection timing based on the running condition. The ECU controls the injection timing to set the actual injection timing to the target injection timing. The ECU computes a difference between the actual injection timing and the target injection timing. The ECU determines whether the injection timing control apparatus is malfunctioning when the difference between the actual timing and the target timing is greater than a predetermined value. The determination by the ECU is altered in accordance with the running condition of the engine.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive transfer delivery sticker slip is described, which comprises (1) a monoaxially-stretched multi-layer film having an opacity of not less than 80% (as determined according to JIS P-8138) and a tensile modulus of not less than 2.times.10.sup.4 kgf/cm.sup.2 in the stretching direction (JIS K-7127) obtained by monoaxially stretching a laminated film having a surface layer (B) comprising a resin composition comprising from 60 to 80% by weight of a finely divided inorganic powder (B.sub.2) incorporated in from 20 to 40% by weight of a crystalline polyolefin (B.sub.1) laminated on at least one side of a core layer (A) comprising as a base a resin composition comprising from 1 to 30% by weight of a finely divided inorganic powder (A.sub.2) incorporated in from 70 to 99% by weight of a crystalline polyolefin (A.sub.1) at a temperature of not higher than the melting point of said crystalline polyolefins (A.sub.1, B.sub.

Abstract: The warming up control device according to the present invention determines precisely whether the temperature of the catalytic converter of the internal combustion engine has reached the activating temperature of the catalyst after the engine starts, The device estimates the heat amount transferred from the exhaust gas the catalytic converter based on the amount of the fuel supplied to the engine, and calculates the total heat amount transferred to the catalytic converter after the engine starts. The device determines that the temperature of the catalytic converter reaches the activating temperature of the catalyst when the calculated total heat amount reaches a predetermined value. Since the completion of the warming up of the catalytic converter is precisely determined, the warming up operation of the catalyst, such as the ignition timing retardation, can be terminated at a proper time, thus an unnecessary increase in fuel consumption and a deterioration in the engine performance can be avoided.

Abstract: The start up fuel control device according to the present invention controls the fuel supply amount to an engine during the cranking operation. After the cranking operation starts, the device measures the time lapsed since the cranking operation started. Further, the measured time is stored in a backup RAM which can preserve the content of its memory even if a main switch of the engine is turned off. Since the time lapsed from the beginning of the cranking operation (cranking time) can be considered as a parameter representing the amount of unburnt fuel remaining in the cylinder, the device performs the following operation based on the cranking time to prevent the air-fuel ratio of the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders becomes too low (rich) for firing to occur. When the cranking time exceeds a predetermined period, the device starts a scavenging operation in which the fuel supplied to the engine is reduced in order to expel the fuel remaining in the cylinders by the cranking operation.

Abstract: A thermal transfer image-receiving sheet comprising (1) a support comprising (a) a surface layer comprising a biaxially stretched film of a thermoplastic resin containing from 2 to 60% by weight of titanium dioxide fine powder and (b) a base layer comprising a biaxially stretched microporous film of a thermoplastic resin containing from 10 to 45% by weight of an inorganic fine powder and (2) an image-receiving layer provided on surface layer (a) of support (1), in which support (1) has a void volume of from 30 to 60% and a density of from 0.50 to 0.78 g/cm.sup.3, and surface layer (a) of support (1) has a center-line average roughness of not more than 0.5 .mu.m and a Bekk's smoothness of from 4,000 to 100,000 sec.