Abstract: A transparent electrically conductive layer having practically sufficient electrical conductivity and light transmittance and having excellent resistance to moist heat and etching properties, and an electrically conductive transparent substrate utilizing the transparent electrically conductive layer, the transparent electrically conductive layer being formed of a substantially amorphous oxide containing indium (In) and zinc (Zn) as main cation components or a substantially amorphous oxide containing indium (In), zinc (Zn) and at least one other third element having a valence of at least 3, in which the atomic ratio of In, In/(In+Zn), is 0.50 to 0.90 or the atomic ratio of the total amount of the third element(s), (total third element)/(In+Zn+total third element(s)), when at least one other third element is contained, is 0.2 or less.

Abstract: A water repellent silica sol comprises colloidal silica particles of a size of 100 nm or less whose surfaces have been made water-repellent by an organic group-substituted silane. The water repellent silica sol is produced by a process which comprises reacting a silica colloid dispersed in a non-polar organic solvent with an organic group-substituted silane so that the surfaces of the colloidal silica particles are made water-repellent by the organic group-substituted silane. Alternatively, the water repellent silicate sol is prepared by a process which comprises adding a non-polar organic solvent, a cationic surface active agent and an organic group-substituted silane to a water-dispersed silica colloid, forming an emulsion therefrom, removing water from the emulsion by azeotropic dehydration and refluxing the emulsion under heating.

Abstract: A water-repellent emulsion composition containing, as essential components, colloidal silica particles which are surface-treated with a silylating agent; a nonpolar organic solvent; a cationic surfactant; one or both of a fluorine-containing surfactant and a silicone-containing surfactant; and water, and being excellent in dispersion stability, water repellency and barrier properties against water absorption.

Abstract: An organosilica sol having an increased pH is obtained by treating an organosilica sol having pH in an acidic region with an alkali. The organosilica sol is useful as a surface treating agent since it has not only penetrativity into members such as concrete, etc., but also waterproofness and water vapor permeability, and since it causes no deterioration on members such as concrete, etc.