Abstract: An image forming method reads a document by a scanner that is a device, provides image data corresponding to a document image, forms an image corresponding to the image data provided from the scanner by a printer that is a device, and detects operating errors of the scanner and the printer. Further, when any operating error is detected, the image forming method stops the operation of the device generating the error and operates the device not generating the error.

Abstract: An image forming method reads a document by a scanner that is a device, provides image data corresponding to a document image, forms an image corresponding to the image data provided from the scanner by a printer that is a device, and detects operating errors of the scanner and the printer. Further, when any operating error is detected, the image forming method stops the operation of the device generating the error and operates the device not generating the error.

Abstract: An image forming method reads a document by a scanner that is a device, provides image data corresponding to a document image, forms an image corresponding to the image data provided from the scanner by a printer that is a device, and detects operating errors of the scanner and the printer. Further, when any operating error is detected, the image forming method stops the operation of the device generating the error and operates the device not generating the error.

Abstract: A system CPU checks whether a copying mode is selected. If the copying mode is selected, the system CPU calculates “read area=periphery of original 2?mm×100÷magnification.” If the copying mode is not selected, the system CPU checks whether a resolution conversion is effective or not. If the resolution conversion is not effective, the system CPU calculates “read area=periphery of original?2 mm×100÷magnification.” If the resolution conversion is effective, the system CPU calculates “read area=periphery of original?2 mm.” The system CPU instructs the scanner CPU to start scanning with the calculated read area.

Abstract: An image forming method reads a document by a scanner that is a device, provides image data corresponding to a document image, forms an image corresponding to the image data provided from the scanner by a printer that is a device, and detects operating errors of the scanner and the printer. Further, when any operating error is detected, the image forming method stops the operation of the device generating the error and operates the device not generating the error.

Abstract: An image-scanning apparatus for scanning an original in an image-reading area to output image data, includes, a platen on which the original is placed, a reference plate which has a reference color, and a scanning device for optically scanning the reference plate and the original placed on the platen to provide a first optical image and a second optical image.

Abstract: 16(S)-Isocarbacyclins have been found to the useful in the treatment of liver and kidney diseases.

Abstract: .gamma.-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester which has an activity to increase glutathione levels in tissues and a drug for treating liver diseases, cataracts, and kidney diseases containing it as the effective ingredient.

Abstract: Novel 5- or 7-monohalogenated or 5,7-dihalogenated .sup.6 -PGI.sub.1 and 5- or 7-monohalogenated or dihalogenated PGI.sub.2 (except 5-monofluorinated PGI.sub.2). The novel halogenated prostacyclins are useful for controlling vascular actions and also in organ transplantation, extra-corporeal circulation and the like. The present invention also provides processes for preparing the novel halogenated prostacyclins.

Abstract: A novel compound selected from the group consisting of 7-(or 6- or 4-)thiaprostaglandin E.sub.1 derivatives of the formula (I). ##STR1## wherein A represents --CH.sub.2 -- or ##STR2## in which n is 0, 1 or 2, provided that only one A cut of three is ##STR3## R.sup.1 -R.sup.7 and G are as defined in the specification, the 15-epimers of said thiaprostaglandin E.sub.1 derivatives, the enatiomers of said thiaprostaglandin E.sub.1 derivatives or their 15-epimers, and mixtures of these compounds.A 7-thiaprostaglandin E.sub.1 derivative and/or its optical isomer may be prepared by reacting a 2-organo-2-cyclopentenone (II) with an organic copper-lithium compound (III) to effect conjugation reaction. A 6-thiaprostaglandin E.sub.1 derivative and/or its optical isomer may be prepared by subjecting an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone (IV) and a thiol (V) to the Michael addition reaction.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an acyl group or an alkoxycarbonyl group; X.sup.1 represents an alkylene group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, or a 1,4-phenylene group, the alkylene group may be substituted by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the 1,4-phenylene group may be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen atoms and alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group and R.sup.3 represents hydrogen atom, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together may form an oxo group (.dbd.O), and when X.sup.1 is other than the 1,4-phenylene group, R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom and R.sup.3 represents a bond between the carbon atoms to which R.sup.3 is bonded and that carbon atom of X.sup.1 which is adjacent to said carbon atom; X.sup.