Abstract: A polytetrafluoroethylene having a breaking strength of 10.0 N or more and a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more. Also disclosed is a stretched body including the polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: A method for producing a cyclic carbonate represented by the following formula (1): wherein X1 and X2 are the same as or different from each other, and are each a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or a monovalent organic group; and R is an organic group containing one or more carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds. The method includes reacting an unsaturated cyclic carbonate represented by the following formula (A): wherein X1 and X2 are defined as described above, and an alcohol represented by the formula (B): R—OH, wherein R is defined as described above, or an alkoxide thereof in the presence of a base, or reacting the unsaturated cyclic carbonate and the alkoxide. Also disclosed is a method for producing a cyclic carbonate.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2 a—CO—R3a—OSO3Xa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-OSO3Xb.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer of the invention which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer. The surfactant includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactant represented by R1a—CO—R2a—CO—R3a-Aa and a surfactant represented by R1b—CO—(CR2b2)n—(OR3b)p—(CR4b2)q-L-Ab.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, wherein the surfactant is a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A method for producing a lithium sulfamate which includes (1) reacting a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1): wherein X is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine, with a compound (2) represented by the following formula (2): wherein R1 and R2 are each individually —H or a substituent as defined herein, the substituent optionally containing at least one bi- to hexavalent heteroatom in the structure and being a substituent in which at least one hydrogen atom is optionally replaced with a fluorine atom or a C0-C7 functional group, to obtain a compound (3) represented by the following formula (3): wherein R1 and R2 are defined as above.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing a compound (1) represented by the formula (1), (wherein R101 and R102 are each individually a substituent such as a C1-C7 alkyl group, and the substituent optionally contains at least one divalent to hexavalent hetero atom in a structure or optionally has a structure obtained by replacing at least one hydrogen atom by a fluorine atom or a C0-C7 functional group) and at least one compound (11) selected from compounds such as a compound represented by formula (11-1) (wherein R111 and R112 are the same as or different from each other and are each a hydrogen atom or the like, and R113 is an alkyl group free from a fluorine atom or the like):

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A, wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6 and at least one of R2 and R5 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant and a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following formula (1).

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing LiFSO3 and a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1): LiZ, wherein Z is PF6, BF4, N(FSO2)2, N(CF3SO2)2, N(C2F5SO2)2, PO2F2, or B(C2O4)2. The electrolyte solution has a ratio [FSO3]/[Z] of a molar content of FSO3 [FSO3] to a molar content of Z [Z] of 3 to 1000. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device including the electrolyte solution, a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution and a module including the electrochemical device.

Abstract: An alkyl sulfate ester containing a carbonyl group or a salt thereof. The compound is represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—(CR22)n—(OR3)p(CR42)q-L-OSO3X wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, L, X, n, p and q are as defined herein. Also disclosed is a production method for making the alkyl sulfate ester.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing at least one selected from a compound represented by the following formula (1-1) (wherein Rf111s are the same as or different from each other and are each a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), a compound represented by the following formula (1-2) (wherein R121 is a C1-C4 alkyl group; and Rf121 is a C2-C4 fluorinated alkenyl group), and a compound represented by the following formula (1-3) (wherein Rf131 is a C1-C3 fluorinated alkyl group; and R131 is a C6-C12 aryl group):

Abstract: A method for producing an asymmetric chain carbonate by reacting an alcohol with a halocarbonate ester compound in the presence of a basic magnesium salt.

Abstract: A method for producing an asymmetric chain carbonate by reacting an alcohol with a halocarbonate ester compound in the presence of a basic magnesium salt.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing a compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein R101 and R102 are the same as or different from each other and are each a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and R103 is an alkyl group or an organic group containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device and lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution, and a module including the electrochemical device or lithium ion secondary battery.

Abstract: A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1): (Rf—Y?n1L?X-A)n2??(1) wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; RY, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents —ArSO3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydr

Abstract: A method for producing lithium fluorosulfonate which includes reacting XSO3H, wherein X is a leaving group other than fluorine, with a lithium source and a fluorine source. Also disclosed is a composition containing XSO3H.

Abstract: A method for producing an asymmetric chain carbonate by reacting an alcohol with a halocarbonate ester compound in the presence of a basic magnesium salt.