Abstract: The present invention provides an irrigation system with cheap humidity sensors and cheap automatic faucets preferably by using at the end nodes of the system low water pressure, so that much less force is needed to open and close the local waterway, and then either using simple electrical valves that do not require engines, or using for example mechanical sensors based on a bi-material of two or more materials which expand differently when they become wet, thus converting the difference of the expansion into convenient movement. Another possible variation, instead of mechanical sensors and valves, is to use for example a preferably synthetic material that tends to behave like a normal root preferably at the edge of each side channel, so that the “root” counter-balances the water supply and reaches equilibrium with it when the soil becomes wet enough, based preferably on asymmetric capillary materials.

Abstract: Optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient. The present invention solves this problem by optically marking and detecting the packet headers or parts of them, translating at most only the headers or parts of them to electronics for making packet switching decisions, and keeping the rest of the packets in optical delay lines, and solving response-time problems. Another optimization described in this invention is improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization by grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area. Another important optimization is a new architecture and principles for routing based on physical geographical IP addresses.

Abstract: The present invention enables putting much more optic fibers per cable, such as for example even 1,000 or 10,000 times more than the prior art, with an increase in cost that is orders of magnitude smaller. One of the most important variations is using multi-fiber flexible flat jackets that can move freely within the cable's pipe, preferably only in one direction. Preferably at certain intervals (for example every few dozen centimeters or more or 1 or 2 meters or more) the flat jackets are preferably stitched together to each other and/or for example glued and/or otherwise coupled to each other in a way that preferably does not apply pressure to the optic fibers, and preferably are also coupled, preferably at the stitch position, also to the cable, in order to prevent undesired sliding movement of the jackets against each other and/or against the pipe and/or rotating out of orientation.

Abstract: As the Internet becomes faster and faster, with more and more demanding applications, and after the problems of faster routing and faster optic fibers are solved, the next main bottleneck will be the speed of the servers, and more specifically the speed (or rather the lack of it) of the hard-disks. Therefore, finding new revolutionary ways of making faster and larger hard-disks and/or larger RAM in the computer itself can help boost the computer and Internet world much faster into the future. The present invention tries to solve the problem of making much faster and much larger preferably non-volatile RAM by Using preferably 3-dimensional addressable preferably nano memory matrices instead of 2-dimensional, so that for example if instead of a 10×10 cm flat surface we have for example a 6×6×1 cm or 3×3×2 cm cube, we can get millions of Terabits, which are millions of times larger than current hard disks.