Abstract: The present invention provides an irrigation system with cheap humidity sensors and cheap automatic faucets preferably by using at the end nodes of the system low water pressure, so that much less force is needed to open and close the local waterway, and then either using simple electrical valves that do not require engines, or using for example mechanical sensors based on a bi-material of two or more materials which expand differently when they become wet, thus converting the difference of the expansion into convenient movement. Another possible variation, instead of mechanical sensors and valves, is to use for example a preferably synthetic material that tends to behave like a normal root preferably at the edge of each side channel, so that the “root” counter-balances the water supply and reaches equilibrium with it when the soil becomes wet enough, based preferably on asymmetric capillary materials.

Abstract: Optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient. The present invention solves this problem by optically marking and detecting the packet headers or parts of them, translating at most only the headers or parts of them to electronics for making packet switching decisions, and keeping the rest of the packets in optical delay lines, and solving response-time problems. Another optimization described in this invention is improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization by grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area. Another important optimization is a new architecture and principles for routing based on physical geographical IP addresses.

Abstract: The present invention enables putting much more optic fibers per cable, such as for example even 1,000 or 10,000 times more than the prior art, with an increase in cost that is orders of magnitude smaller. One of the most important variations is using multi-fiber flexible flat jackets that can move freely within the cable's pipe, preferably only in one direction. Preferably at certain intervals (for example every few dozen centimeters or more or 1 or 2 meters or more) the flat jackets are preferably stitched together to each other and/or for example glued and/or otherwise coupled to each other in a way that preferably does not apply pressure to the optic fibers, and preferably are also coupled, preferably at the stitch position, also to the cable, in order to prevent undesired sliding movement of the jackets against each other and/or against the pipe and/or rotating out of orientation.

Abstract: The present invention enables putting much more optic fibers per cable, such as for example even 1,000 or 10,000 times more than the prior art, with an increase in cost that is orders of magnitude smaller. One of the most important variations is using multi-fiber flexible flat jackets that can move freely within the cable's pipe, preferably only in one direction. Preferably at certain intervals (for example every few dozen centimeters or more or 1 or 2 meters or more) the flat jackets are preferably stitched together to each other and/or for example glued and/or otherwise coupled to each other in a way that preferably does not apply pressure to the optic fibers, and preferably are also coupled, preferably at the stitch position, also to the cable, in order to prevent undesired sliding movement of the jackets against each other and/or against the pipe and/or rotating out of orientation.

Abstract: The biggest bottleneck in the Internet today is caused by the slow speed of routers, compared to the speeds that are achieved by optic fibers with DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing). Packet switching or something similar to it is needed not just for better utilization of the lines, but also because it is superior to circuit switching in many ways, such as better scalability as the Internet grows, better handling of traffic congestions, and better routing flexibility. But optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient.

Abstract: Polypropylene is one of the most commonly used plastics in furniture and various structures (such as for example plastic warehouses) due to its cheap price, friendliness to the environment (in terms of degrading in a reasonable time when thrown away as waste), and good strength per weight factor. However, one of its biggest disadvantages is that like Teflon it is very inert, and therefore it is very hard to paint it after production or to connect other materials to it for example through chemical means, ultrasound, or with heat. Although it is possible to add various patterns or textures, such as for example wood-like patterns to the cast, and although is possible to add for example more colors without mixing them or with only partial mixing in order to get more than one color, such a mixing cannot be precisely controlled and cannot be made to fit with the texture, whereas for example wood texture would require proper color changes in correlation with the texture.

Abstract: Both Laser printers and Inkjet printers have undergone many improvements in the last 10 years—mainly becoming faster and with better resolutions, and with prices going down all he time. However, one of the biggest limitations of all these types of printers has remained the same all the time: They print just on one side of the page. Although some printers on the market have an optional additional unit for mechanically flipping pages over, these units are typically cumbersome, expensive, and require extra space. Also, with mechanical flipping there is a higher chance for various malfunctions. Being able to efficiently print on both sides of the page can have many advantages: Saving paper costs, saving trees, saving office space or home space, being able to double the printing speed, being able to easily print eBooks, and more.

Abstract: The biggest bottleneck in the Internet today is caused by the slow speed of routers, compared to the speeds that are achieved by optic fibers with DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing). Packet switching or something similar to it is needed not just for better utilization of the lines, but also because it is superior to circuit switching in many ways, such as better scalability as the Internet grows, better handling of traffic congestions, and better routing flexibility. But optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient.

Abstract: As the Internet becomes faster and faster, with more and more demanding applications, and after the problems of faster routing and faster optic fibers are solved, the next main bottleneck will be the speed of the servers, and more specifically the speed (or rather the lack of it) of the hard-disks. Therefore, finding new revolutionary ways of making faster and larger hard-disks and/or larger RAM in the computer itself can help boost the computer and Internet world much faster into the future. The present invention tries to solve the problem of making much faster and much larger preferably non-volatile RAM by Using preferably 3-dimensional addressable preferably nano memory matrices instead of 2-dimensional, so that for example if instead of a 10×10 cm flat surface we have for example a 6×6×1 cm or 3×3×2 cm cube, we can get millions of Terabits, which are millions of times larger than current hard disks.

Abstract: With the current explosion of information transfer, optic fibers are becoming faster all the time. Most of the recent advances in the amounts of data that these fibers can carry per time unit have come from adding more and more wavelengths (termed lambdas) to the same fiber at the same time, a method which is called DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing). Today a single optic fiber can carry up to 80 or even 160 different lambdas simultaneously and the number is likely to increase further. The fastest bit-rates achieved so far per each lambda are around 10 or 40 Gigabit per second, but it will be hard to go much beyond this, since higher bit-rates have much lower tolerance to dispersion problems. However, The demand for broadband communications, fueled mainly by the Internet growth, is still growing by a much faster rate than the growth in the abilities of optic fibers.

Abstract: Coils coupled to magnetically soft cores are a very important building block in today's electronics, used for manipulating electromagnetic fields. They are very important, for example, for transformers, inductors, filters, oscillators, and motors. Apart from permeability, the most important characteristics of such cores are high flux density and low core losses. The smaller the magnetic pieces within the typically ceramic substance of the core can become, the better the permeability, high flux density, and low core losses, which means also faster reaction times. The present invention is intended to improve the efficiency and abilities of coils by using, instead of typical Ferrite cores, a core based on a substance containing nano-structures, which can be for example Bucky Balls or Bucky tubes. Various possible variations and combinations of this are shown.