Abstract: A method has been developed that estimates from the on line measurements of readily available process variables the proportion of the mass of fiber in the refining zone of a chip refiner relative to the mass with a full refining zone. This estimate of the filling factor is used to determine the margin available to load the refiner and the control action needed to avoid abnormal operation.

Abstract: A method has been developed that estimates from the on line measurements of readily available process variables the proportion of the mass of fibre in the refining zone of a chip refiner relative to the mass with a full refining zone. This estimate of the filling factor is used to determine the margin available to load the refiner and the control action needed to avoid abnormal operation.

Abstract: A method is proposed for improving pulp quality at high production rates on conical disc refiners. It permits a reduction in refining intensity by enabling fibre residence time to increase by increasing consistency, while avoiding the problem of plate plugging normally associated with high discharge consistency. In practice, inlet consistency is increased by the in-feed dilution, flat zone dilution or both, but without allowing the discharge consistency to rise. Instead, the discharge consistency is controlled at a fixed optimum value by the addition of dilution water within the conical zone. The result is that residence time is increased, and refining intensity decreased, by raising the consistency in the inner region of the refining zone, while avoiding the plate plugging caused by excessive consistency in the outer region of the refining zone.

Abstract: A composition for ultrasonic exploration including echogenic microparticles including a macromolecular network of reticulated hydrophilic polymers and/or copolymers which micro-particles have a diameter between 0.1 ?m and 10 ?m and are obtained from an inverse mini-emulsion of identical or different monomers or polymers.

Abstract: A method for making a lamination insulated by iron-manganese phosphate comprises the following operations:1. The lamination is treated with an acid or basic medium to eliminate the surface layer of the lamination that contains excess silicon and aluminum.2. The lamination is rinsed.3. The lamination is brought into contact with a solution of phosphoric acid containing iron phosphate and manganese phosphate for sufficient time to obtain an insulative layer of the required thickness.

Abstract: This process for treating surfaces of products dip-coated in a bath of molten zinc and aluminum, and intended to be phosphated, involves pickling, preceding the phosphating, with a highly alkaline solution of high pH and containing zinc in solution. The process applies chiefly to products whose coating contains a high proportion of aluminum, particularly in the case of galvanized sheet metal, which it makes easier to phosphate. It is used for painted sheet metal for motor vehicles.

Abstract: In a method of fabrication of field-effect transistors having very small dimensions, the gate electrode is formed by a first layer of metallic silicide. Insulating embankments are formed along the lateral edges of the gate and a second layer of metallic silicide is then deposited so as to form the source and drain electrodes. At locations in which the second layer covers the first, planning by planarizing etching is performed so as to produce a structure of flat electrodes in which the gate is separated from the source and drain electrodes by a smaller interval than would be possible in the case of separation by photoetching.

Abstract: A novel MOS transistor structure comprises electrodes of metallic silicide and especially tantalum silicide. In the case of the gate electrode, the silicide is directly in contact with an insulating thin-film layer. In the case of the drain and source electrodes, the silicide is directly in contact with the monocrystalline silicon. The method of fabrication is thus simplified while avoiding the use of polycrystalline silicon.