Abstract: An electrochemical device including at least one of a carbonaceous cathode, and at least one of a metal-containing anode. A separation distance between the carbonaceous cathode and the metal-containing anode is about 1 to about 5000 micrometers.

Abstract: A method for removing a metal from a carbonaceous electrode includes providing a regeneration solution that includes an acid, an oxidizing agent, or a combination thereof. The method further includes applying the regeneration solution to the carbonaceous electrode, and oxidizing the metal on the surface of the carbonaceous electrode. The method also includes collecting the oxidized metal in the regeneration solution.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an electrochemical device for at least partially removing or reducing a target ionic species from an aqueous solution using faradic immobilization, the electrochemical device including at least one first electrode and at least one second electrode with different void fraction and surface area properties, due to differences in void fraction (also referred to as void ratio) of the at least one first and the at least one second electrode, water flows through an electrode with a high porosity, while the aqueous solution does not flow through an electrode with a low porosity. The asymmetry of the electrodes provides a desired voltage distribution across the device, which equates to a different voltage at each electrode, to control the speciation of the target ionic species at the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an electrochemical device for at least partially removing or reducing a target ionic species from an aqueous solution using faradaic immobilization, the electrochemical device including at least one first electrode and at least one second electrode with different void fraction and surface area properties, due to differences in void fraction (also referred to as void ratio) of the at least one first and the at least one second electrode, water flows through an electrode with a high porosity, while the aqueous solution does not flow through an electrode with a low porosity. The asymmetry of the electrodes provides a desired voltage distribution across the device, which equates to a different voltage at each electrode, to control the speciation of the target ionic species at the anode and the cathode.