Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for identifying skippable segments within videos. One of the methods includes receiving, during playback of a video on a display of a device of a user, a user input at a first timestamp of the video; in response to receiving the user input at the first timestamp of the video, determining whether the first timestamp is associated with a skippable segment within the video; and in response to determining that the first timestamp is associated with a skippable segment within the video, identifying a second timestamp associated with the skippable segment of the video as a skip location.

Abstract: Data from an Internet source is received in a client running a specified app that allows the data to be retransmitted to another client. The another client sends a request for data, which is relayed by the Internet connected client to the source of Internet and data received from the source of Internet is relayed to the another client. This allows the range of an Internet source that is transmitting wirelessly to be extended through a daisychain operation. In one embodiment, each client receives data over one connection and retransmits the data over another connection, where the connections can be Wi-Fi direct and Bluetooth.

Abstract: Lithium niobate waveguides for light and lithium niobate channel waveguide electro-optic phase modulators for light include sufficient lithium ions such that, when an electrical signal of known value is applied to such waveguides and modulators, the phase of light passing through the waveguide or the modulator changes to a desired value within a time period that is substantially instantaneous.

Abstract: Methods for making proton-exchanged, multi-function integrated optics chips, preferably chips based on the stable, rhombohedral lithium niobate structure, and having substantially diffused protons, while being substantially free of microcracking and of internal stresses that can result in microcracking, and yet having optimally high electro-optic coefficients, include the steps of: forming a multi-function integrated optics chip substrate from a substrate such as lithium niobate; affixing a removable mask or mask pattern to at least one surface of the chip to form one or more proton-exchanged patterns of desired size and shape at the surface of the chip; treating the masked chip with a proton-exchanging acid such as benzoic acid at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cause substantial proton exchange at and below the unmasked surface of the chip, but for a time insufficient to create any microcracking or internal stresses that lead to microcracking in the chip; removing the mask or mask pattern from th