Abstract: A method of modifying a liquid sample containing an analyte so as to increase SERS signal intensity of the analyte is provided. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: providing the liquid sample to be analyzed using SERS; and adding an oxygen scavenger to the liquid sample so as to remove dissolved oxygen from the liquid sample. A probe for remote sensing of an analyte in a liquid sample using SERS is also provided. The probe of the present invention comprises a detection chamber having a window that is transparent to SERS excitation light and Raman scattered signal, and tubing with a first and a second end, the first end of the tubing being flowably connected to the detection chamber and the second end of the tubing being configured to be placed in contact with a liquid sample.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for copper-catalyzed electrochemical water treatment are provided. The method comprises the steps of supplying an aqueous solution and electrochemically treating the aqueous solution in an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and the aqueous solution as an electrolyte, by applying an electric potential to said anode and said cathode, thereby producing purified water. The apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte contacting the anode and the cathode; an inlet allowing the electrolyte in the electrochemical cell; and an outlet allowing purified water out of the electrochemical cell. In both cases, the electrolyte/aqueous solution comprises water to be treated, chloride ions in a concentration [Cl?] at least about 10 mM, and copper(II) and/or copper(I) ions in a total copper ions concentration, [CU2+] +[Cu+], of at least about 20 ?M.

Abstract: A consumer-centric service for matching local consumers with local service providers. A matching is performed between consumer needs and local vendor capabilities and the results are presented back to the consumer so that the choice of which vendors to be contacted is left to the consumer. Mechanisms are provided for immediately and automatically contacting the chosen vendor in one or more of a plurality of communication media and offering the chosen vendor the details of the consumer's request, including the preferred method of contact information, for a fee. Also, the system immediately informs the consumer about the status of the vendor contacts, including whether or not the vendor has accepted the lead. Once a chosen vendor accepts the lead, the consumer is contacted by the vendor, in the manner requested by the consumer. Thus, the invention enables consumers to maintain control over the selection and contact process with matched vendors.

Abstract: The invention relates to a membrane filter (1), comprising: an extruded tube (2) with a groove (13) arranged through deformation on at least one end: a number of elongate filter elements (4) extending in longitudinal direction; and a synthetic resin plug (5) which is arranged in the at least one end and through which the elongate filter elements (4) extend. The advantage of the invention is that the outer wall of the tube (2) is not damaged and retains its strength.

Abstract: An orthodontic appliance which may be used to advance the mandible comprising a central straight segment, a pair of pivotable connectors disposed at opposite ends of the central straight segment, and a pair of arms each extending from one of the oppositely disposed pivotable connectors. The arms may be affixed, oppositely directed, to opposing upper and lower teeth on one side of a patient's dental arch.