Abstract: There are described hexopyranose compounds of the formula I and salts thereof having immunomodulatory action, which can be used, for example, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations, and also together with antibiotics, and processes for their manufacture. ##STR1## The variables are as described in the disclosure. The invention relates to the above-mentioned compounds as immunomodulators, especially as immunostimulants, their use as pharmacologically active substances, especially their use as immunomodulators, particularly as immunostimulants, and their use for the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, and to pharmaceutical preparations containing these compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations that contain an antibiotic and a muramylpeptide of the formula I or a salt thereof, to processes for their manufacture and to a method for increasing the antibiotic effectiveness of antibiotics. ##STR1## In the formula I, X represents carbonyl or carbonyloxy, R.sub.1 represents optionally substituted alkyl or aryl, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 represent hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sub.5 represents hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl, or R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 together represent also C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alkylene, R.sub.7 represents hydrogen or free, esterified or amidated carboxyl, one of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents a radical of the formula II and the other of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents optionally substituted or functionally modified hydroxy or amino.

Abstract: Phosphorylmuramyl peptides of the formula ##STR1## are immuno-potentiating. In the formula, R.sub.1 represents optionally substituted alkyl or aryl, R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 represent, for example, hydrogen, R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sub.5 represents, for example, hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy-lower alkyl, amino-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, and one of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents a radical of the formula (II) ##STR2## In the formula (II), T represents NH or O, Y represents an optionally substituted alkylene group, which may also be interrupted by one or two oxycarbonyl and/or iminocarbonyl groups, and W represents an aliphatic radical or a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl radical having more than 6 carbon atoms. The other of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents free or etherified hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino or aminocarbonyl-lower alkylamino.

Abstract: Described are derivatives of pyranoses of the formula I, manufacturing processes and intermediates, and their use as medicaments. ##STR1## The pyranose moiety in the compounds of the formula I is derived especially from D-glucose, but alternatively from D-galactose or D-mannose.Characteristic of the compounds of the formula I is the lower alkyl or phenyl-lower alkyl radical R.sub.8, which carries an oxycarbonyl, mercaptocarbonyl or aminocarbonyl group, which is bonded to an aliphatic, cycloaliphaticaliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical R.sub.0, each of which is optionally substituted and which may be interrupted by oxycarbonyl, mercaptocarbonyl and/or iminocarbonyl and which, like the remaining radicals of the formula I, is defined in patent claim 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to muramyl peptide compounds, especially of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 represents, for example, alkyl or phenyl,R.sub.3 represents, for example, hydrogen or methyl andR.sub.5 represents, for example, hydrogen or lower alkyl optionally substituted, for example, by hydroxy, mercapto, or methylthio,and in which one of the radicalsA.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents a group of the formula ##STR2## in which T represents the group of the formula -NH or -O, andY represents an alkylene radical optionally interrupted by a radical of the formula -CO-O- or -CO-NH-,and in whichW represents hydrogen andZ represents a hydroxy-substituted ethyl group, wherein at least one hydroxy group is esterified by a long-chained acyl radical orW and Z represent hydroxymethyl, wherein hydroxy is esterified by a long-chained acyl radical,and the other of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents optionally etherified hydroxy or optionally substituted amino.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel antigen derivatives comprising an antigen and at least one muramylpeptide covalently bonded thereto, if appropriate via a spacer, to pharmaceutical preparations which contain such compounds and to their use as a vaccine.The novel antigen derivatives produce a pronounced increase in the immuno-response to the antigen, and in particular also a cell-medicated immunity under clinically acceptable conditions of administration.

Abstract: Phosphorylmuramyl peptides of the formula ##STR1## are immuno-potentiating. In the formula, R.sub.1 represents optionally substituted alkyl or aryl, R.sub.2, R.sub.4, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 represent, for example, hydrogen, R.sub.3 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sub.5 represents, for example, hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy-lower alkyl, amino-lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-lower alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl or heterocyclyl-lower alkyl, and one of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents a radical of the formula (II) ##STR2## In the formula (II), T represents NH or O, Y represents an optionally substituted alkylene group, which may also be interrupted by one or two oxycarbonyl and/or iminocarbonyl groups, and W represents an aliphatic radical or a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl radical having more than 6 carbon atoms. The other of the radicals A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 represents free or etherified hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino or aminocarbonyl-lower alkylamino.

Abstract: A liquid feed stock containing oil is deodorized in a semicontinuous process wherein the feed stock, in a first evacuated chamber, undergoes heat exchange with a deodorized stock in a second evacuated chamber, said stocks being circulated in their respective chambers by upwardly flowing steam introduced into each chamber between a partition, separating the two chambers, and a guide plate parallel to said partition and spaced therefrom, whereafter said feed stock is passed through a succession of steam heating stages to heat said feed stock to successively higher temperatures thereby deodorizing the feed stock and then withdrawn as deodorized stock and recirculated as deodorized stock to said second evacuated chamber to undergo heat exchange with said feed stock.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of peptides which contain more than one disulphide bond characterized in that in one or two aminoacid sequences containing cysteine, in which disulphide bonds are to be produced, two cysteine radicals which are to be linked are protected by a mercapto-protective group R.sub.1 of the aralkyl type, two further cysteine radicals are protected by an acylaminomethyl group R.sub.2, the protective groups R.sub.1 are removed by treatment with iodine in the presence of a polyhalogenated lower aliphatic hydroxy compound or oxo compound, or a corresponding lower alkanoic acid lower alkyl ester, at the same time forming the disulphide bond between these cysteine radicals, which are protected by R.sub.1, and at any desired point after removal of the polyhalogenated compound the second disulphide bridge is formed in the usual manner.

Abstract: A pair of chambers each containing a body of liquid are separated by a single heat-conducting partition wall. A guide wall is parallel to and spaced from each side of the partition wall and steam is bubbled up between the two walls to recirculate the liquids in the chambers and thereby effect heat exchange through the wall. The liquid in the hotter chamber is recovered from a downstream stage of an oil deodorizing process. Baffles are provided above the gap between the guide walls and the partition wall to aid in fluid circulation.