Abstract: A computer-implemented method for an air brake system of a train with an air brake system, including: (i) determining consist data associated with the train; (ii) determining track data comprising location data and grade data; (iii) determining required train holding force based at least partially on the consist data and the track data; and (iv) determining hand brake arrangement actuation data based at least partially on the required train holding force. An improved hand brake arrangement is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system, method, and apparatus for detecting and reporting track defects while a train is in motion on railway tracks includes at least one defect sensor configured to sense an acceleration of at least a portion of the train; and at least one computer-readable medium. The at least one computer-readable medium comprises program instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: detect, while the train is in motion on the railway tracks, at least one track defect in the railway tracks based at least partially on the acceleration of the at least a portion of the train; and generate track defect data based at least partially on a location of the train when the at least one track defect is detected.