Abstract: A method includes: generating a transition probability matrix defining a set of transition probabilities for a set of techniques, each transition probability representing a probability of transitioning from a technique i to a technique j; defining a set of emission probability vectors corresponding to the set of techniques, each emission probability vector representing a probability of detecting a technique i and a probability of preventing a technique i; defining an initial technique vector representing an initial probability distribution of techniques; generating a hidden Markov model correlating a target sequence of observations with a hidden state sequence of techniques based on the transition probability matrix, the set of emission probability vectors, and the initial technique vector; and calculating a sequence of techniques, based on the hidden Markov model, exhibiting greatest probability to yield, for each technique in the sequence of techniques, absence of detection or prevention of the technique.

Abstract: A method includes: generating a transition probability matrix defining a set of transition probabilities for a set of techniques, each transition probability representing a probability of transitioning from a technique i to a technique j; defining a set of emission probability vectors corresponding to the set of techniques, each emission probability vector representing a probability of detecting a technique i and a probability of preventing a technique i; defining an initial technique vector representing an initial probability distribution of techniques; generating a hidden Markov model correlating a target sequence of observations with a hidden state sequence of techniques based on the transition probability matrix, the set of emission probability vectors, and the initial technique vector; and calculating a sequence of techniques, based on the hidden Markov model, exhibiting greatest probability to yield, for each technique in the sequence of techniques, absence of detection or prevention of the technique.

Abstract: A method includes: accessing an attack record defining actions representing a previous known attack on a second computer network; initializing an attack graph; for each action, defining a set of behaviors-analogous to the action and executable by an asset on a target network to emulate an effect of the action on the second computer network—and storing the set of behaviors in a node in the attack graph; connecting nodes in the attack graph according to an order of actions in the known attack; scheduling the asset to selectively execute analogous behaviors stored in the set of nodes in the attack graph; accessing alerts generated by a set of security tools deployed on the target network; and characterizing vulnerability of the target network based on alerts, in the set of alerts, indicating detection and prevention of behaviors executed by the asset according to the attack graph.

Abstract: A method includes: accessing an attack record defining actions representing a previous known attack on a second computer network; initializing an attack graph; for each action, defining a set of behaviors—analogous to the action and executable by an asset on a target network to emulate an effect of the action on the second computer network—and storing the set of behaviors in a node in the attack graph; connecting nodes in the attack graph according to an order of actions in the known attack; scheduling the asset to selectively execute analogous behaviors stored in the set of nodes in the attack graph; accessing alerts generated by a set of security tools deployed on the target network; and characterizing vulnerability of the target network based on alerts, in the set of alerts, indicating detection and prevention of behaviors executed by the asset according to the attack graph.

Abstract: A method includes: generating a transition probability matrix defining a set of transition probabilities for a set of techniques, each transition probability representing a probability of transitioning from a technique i to a technique j; defining a set of emission probability vectors corresponding to the set of techniques, each emission probability vector representing a probability of detecting a technique i and a probability of preventing a technique i; defining an initial technique vector representing an initial probability distribution of techniques; generating a hidden Markov model correlating a target sequence of observations with a hidden state sequence of techniques based on the transition probability matrix, the set of emission probability vectors, and the initial technique vector; and calculating a sequence of techniques, based on the hidden Markov model, exhibiting greatest probability to yield, for each technique in the sequence of techniques, absence of detection or prevention of the technique.

Abstract: A method includes: accessing an attack record defining actions representing a previous known attack on a second computer network; initializing an attack graph; for each action, defining a set of behaviors—analogous to the action and executable by an asset on a target network to emulate an effect of the action on the second computer network—and storing the set of behaviors in a node in the attack graph; connecting nodes in the attack graph according to an order of actions in the known attack; scheduling the asset to selectively execute analogous behaviors stored in the set of nodes in the attack graph; accessing alerts generated by a set of security tools deployed on the target network; and characterizing vulnerability of the target network based on alerts, in the set of alerts, indicating detection and prevention of behaviors executed by the asset according to the attack graph.

Abstract: A method includes: accessing an attack record defining actions representing a previous known attack on a second computer network; initializing an attack graph; for each action, defining a set of behaviors—analogous to the action and executable by an asset on a target network to emulate an effect of the action on the second computer network—and storing the set of behaviors in a node in the attack graph; connecting nodes in the attack graph according to an order of actions in the known attack; scheduling the asset to selectively execute analogous behaviors stored in the set of nodes in the attack graph; accessing alerts generated by a set of security tools deployed on the target network; and characterizing vulnerability of the target network based on alerts, in the set of alerts, indicating detection and prevention of behaviors executed by the asset according to the attack graph.

Abstract: A method includes: accessing an attack record defining actions representing a previous known attack on a second computer network; initializing an attack graph; for each action, defining a set of behaviors—analogous to the action and executable by an asset on a target network to emulate an effect of the action on the second computer network—and storing the set of behaviors in a node in the attack graph; connecting nodes in the attack graph according to an order of actions in the known attack; scheduling the asset to selectively execute analogous behaviors stored in the set of nodes in the attack graph; accessing alerts generated by a set of security tools deployed on the target network; and characterizing vulnerability of the target network based on alerts, in the set of alerts, indicating detection and prevention of behaviors executed by the asset according to the attack graph.

Abstract: The present invention includes a sleeve for use with a device for collecting and transporting biological specimens. The sleeve comprises a tubular member for containing the bottom portion of the collection device and a lever so as to exert pressure to the collection device so as to break the ampoule, The sleeve provides an environment to maintain the substantial viability of a specimen during transport in a collection device.

Abstract: The present invention is a device and method for collecting and transporting biological specimens. The device provides an environment for maintaining substantial validity of a specimen during transport. The device comprises a tubular housing with an ampoule containing medium, a specimen collector and a sleeve positioned over the tubular housing. The sleeve is used to effectively break the ampoule so as to release medium into the tubular housing so as to keep a specimen substantially viable during transport.

Abstract: Method for disassembling a wooden pallet. A vertically movable carrier is provided with a pair of horizontal tines which are insertable in the openings formed between the slats and ribs of a pallet. A plurality of upper and lower breaker members are mounted above and below the tines so as to register with the portions of the ribs located between adjacent slats. Actuating means is provided to move the tines up and down so that the slats of a pallet carried thereon are moved across the plane of the ends of the breaker members to cause the slats and ribs to be pulled apart and separated for salvage.