Abstract: Disclosed is a laser detection and ranging, or LiDAR, device, including a transceiver assembly adapted to steer an incoming laser signal including a pulse-train of successive laser pulses onto a target, wherein an optical energy of a trigger pulse in the pulse-train is higher than the optical energy of the majority of the pulses.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for measuring a spectrum of a gaseous sample includes a tunable laser light source to provide an illuminating light beam, a sample cell with an inner surface to provide scrambled light that is transmitted through the gaseous sample, a detector to detect intensity of transmitted scrambled light and a pressure control system to maintain an absolute pressure of the gaseous sample smaller than 50 kPa inside the sample cell to reduce spectral widths of spectral features of the gaseous sample. The measuring apparatus measures spectral transmittance values of the sample by modulating the spectral position of the illuminating light, and detecting the intensity of the transmitted light at different spectral positions. The divergence of the illuminating light beam in a transverse direction is greater than 30° to cause multiple consecutive reflections of the scrambled light from the inner surface.

Abstract: A multispectral laser detection and ranging device including a spectral delay unit configured for delaying the broadband laser beam pulse depending on the wavelength, to give a wavelength comb selected in the spectral range, such that the broadband laser beam pulse is transformed into a pulse-train wherein each pulse in the train is at a different wavelength of the wavelength comb.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a gaseous isotope reference, the method comprising: providing a solid or liquid carbon-containing material exhibiting a carbon isotope ratio; providing oxygen gas or a gas mixture comprising oxygen gas, wherein said gas or gas mixture exhibits an oxygen isotope ratio; determining said carbon isotope ratio in the solid carbon-containing material and/or determining said oxygen isotope ratio in the oxygen gas or the gas mixture comprising oxygen; bringing the solid carbon-containing material in contact with the oxygen gas or the gas mixture comprising oxygen gas, in a high temperature in order to oxidize at least a part of the solid carbon-containing material to carbon dioxide to obtain the gaseous carbon and/or oxygen isotope reference in the form of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser detection and ranging, or LiDAR, device, adapted to: detect pulses from an aperiodic pulse-train of successive pulses, wherein each pulse has a rank in the pulse-train, and wherein a pulse having a defined rank is separated from the pulse of next rank above by a predefined time interval, wherein the predefined time interval is associated with the defined rank, such that the pulse-train form a series of predefined time intervals, wherein the predefined time interval is a predefined delay function of the rank.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for measuring a spectrum of a gaseous sample includes a tunable laser light source to provide an illuminating light beam, a sample cell with an inner surface to provide scrambled light that is transmitted through the gaseous sample, a detector to detect intensity of transmitted scrambled light and a pressure control system to maintain an absolute pressure of the gaseous sample smaller than 50 kPa inside the sample cell to reduce spectral widths of spectral features of the gaseous sample. The measuring apparatus measures spectral transmittance values of the sample by modulating the spectral position of the illuminating light, and detecting the intensity of the transmitted light at different spectral positions. The divergence of the illuminating light beam in a transverse direction is greater than 20° to cause multiple consecutive reflections of the scrambled light from the inner surface.

Abstract: A multipass cell, includes a body; a cavity formed within the body; a first spherical or toroidal mirror at a first end of the cavity; and a second spherical, toroidal or cylindrical mirror at the opposite end of the cavity. The first mirror and the second mirror are configured to reflect a beam entering the cavity next to an outer edge of the first or the second mirror a predetermined number of times so that the beam propagates substantially in a single plane between the first and the second mirror. Also an optical detection system includes the multipass cell; an optical source configured to direct a beam into the cavity; and a detector element configured to receive the beam exiting the cavity or configured to receive the acoustic signal generated by light absorption in the cavity.

Abstract: A multipass cell, includes a body; a cavity formed within the body; a first spherical or toroidal mirror at a first end of the cavity; and a second spherical, toroidal or cylindrical mirror at the opposite end of the cavity. The first mirror and the second mirror are configured to reflect a beam entering the cavity next to an outer edge of the first or the second mirror a predetermined number of times so that the beam propagates substantially in a single plane between the first and the second mirror. Also an optical detection system includes the multipass cell; an optical source configured to direct a beam into the cavity; and a detector element configured to receive the beam exiting the cavity or configured to receive the acoustic signal generated by light absorption in the cavity.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for breath analysis, the method comprising determining an isotopic composition profile, or a concentration profile of a species, of a first breath cycle; determining a threshold; determining a sampling time; and measuring the isotopic composition, or concentration of the species, during a second breath cycle at the sampling time triggered by reaching the threshold.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for breath analysis, the method comprising determining an isotopic composition profile, or a concentration profile of a species, of a first breath cycle; determining a threshold; determining a sampling time; and measuring the isotopic composition, or concentration of the species, during a second breath cycle at the sampling time triggered by reaching the threshold.