Abstract: An identification system is disclosed in which an interrogation signal is emitted on the side of the object, the signal having a carrier frequency which is modified in sections. A mobile encoder (20) encodes the interrogation signal and produces a response signal which is sent back to the object (10). The response signal is mixed with the interrogation signal and decoded in an evaluation unit (14–16) on the side of the object. The distance (d) between the encoder (20) and the object (10) is then determined by means of Fourier transformation (16).

Abstract: An identification system in which a trigger signal, emitted on an object side and received by a portable code generator, is provided. The trigger signal is used on the object side to phase code a reference signal. The code generator encodes a response signal using the trigger signal in a phase-coded manner and retransmits the response signal. The received response signal is compared with the generated reference signal in an object-side evaluation unit using an autocorrelation function. If the value of the autocorrelation function is larger than a threshold value, an enabling signal is generated.

Abstract: An identification system is disclosed in which an interrogation signal is emitted on the side of the object, the signal having a carrier frequency which is modified in sections. A mobile encoder (20) encodes the interrogation signal and produces a response signal which is sent back to the object (10). The response signal is mixed with the interrogation signal and decoded in an evaluation unit (14-16) on the side of the object. The distance (d) between the encoder (20) and the object (10) is then determined by means of Fourier transformation (16).

Abstract: The invention relates to an identification system in which a trigger signal (A) is emitted on the object side and is received by a portable code generator (6). Said trigger signal is used on the object side to phase code a reference signal (B). The code generator (6) encodes a response signal (D) using the trigger signal in a phase-coded manner and retransmits the response signal. The received response signal is compared with the generated reference signal in an object-side evaluation unit using an autocorrelation function (PHI). Only if the value of the autocorrelation function is larger than a threshold value (S), an enabling signal is generated.

Abstract: An identification system is provided in which an interrogation signal is transmitted by a transmitting and receiving unit located at an object, and a portable code transmitter transmits a response signal. The interrogation signal and the response signal are alternately transmitted in sections. If, first, code information contained in the response signal is compared and successfully verified with reference information, and second, an overall signal delay time is shorter than a reference code, then an enable signal is produced in order to allow one to access an object or to allow one to use the object.

Abstract: An adapter arrangement for electrically testing printed circuit boards consists of two probe adapters with a uniform grid separation of the probes and two translator foils on whose sides facing the probe adapters there are contact areas with the pitch of the probe adapter. On the sides facing the printed circuit board, the arrangement of the contact areas and the contact points located thereon is the same as the grid on the printed circuit board under test. Between the translator foils a vacuum is generated with the help of rubber seals, a through hole, a valve and a suction hose. This vacuum creates a rigid package which permits good contact with the probes on both sides. The inserted support layers, which can be conventional printed circuit boards, prevent the translator foils from buckling. The various types of extremely complex printed circuit board can be electrically tested rapidly and cheaply using this arrangement.

Abstract: A process for heating a ceramic shaped part by providing a ceramic shaped part which at ambient temperature has a homogeneously distributed carbon skeleton, and heating the shaped part inductively.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing printed circuit boards is disclosed wherein metallic conductive structures are produced in a desired pattern on a carrier board of isolating material. The method begins with the provision of a carrier board having a metal foil laminated to its surface and thereafter forming conductive traces on the carrier board, deactivating the carrier board to remove substantially all substances deposited on the carrier board other than the conductive traces and forming final conductive structures by electroless chemical metal deposition on the pattern of conductive traces. Circuit boards manufactured in accordance with such a method will have final conductor structures with base layer portions of the original laminated metal foil. In a preferred embodiment, the step of deactivating the carrier board involves rinsing the carrier board with hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A ceramic part to be used in a high temperature environment and that is preheated prior to use is manufactured by a process including shaping the part and subjecting the part to a heat treatment operation. The heat treatment operation is performed at least partially on location at a position of use of the part in the high temperature environment by a heating device that also is operated to perform the preheating of the part.

Abstract: A refractory immersion nozzle which can be used for processing metal melts, and a process for producing the nozzle by providing a mixture containing alumina having a maximum grain size of 250 microns, an aggregate having less tendency than alumina to form incrustations during use of the nozzle, boron nitride, a fluxing agent, a bonding agent and a mixing liquid, molding the mixture to form a shaped body, and drying the shaped body. The nozzle inhibits accretion of slag constituents from the metal melts, and has sufficiently good spalling resistance.

Abstract: A refractory discharge device includes an immersion nozzle formed substantially of carbon-bonded magnesium oxide or carbon-bonded aluminum oxide or fused quartz. The immersion nozzle has therethrough a discharge passage and has an outer surface and an outlet end. An external reinforcement member is formed entirely separately from the immersion nozzle from a zirconium oxide material that is directly bonded without any carbon and by burning at a high temperature. The external reinforcement member is attached to the outer surface of the outer surface of the immersion nozzle at a position such that during use the external reinforcement member will extend above and below a casting powder covering of molten metal into which the refractory discharge device will be immersed.

Abstract: A member formed of ceramic refractory material has therein an opening. A metal coupling member for attaching a metal member such as a rod or a tube, to the refractory member has an externally threaded portion extending into the opening in the refractory member. The coupling member has a head extending radially outwardly beyond the threads of the threaded portion and embedded in the refractory member. The opening in the refractory member may be internally threaded to receive the threads of the threaded portion of the coupling member.

Abstract: The apparatus measures the thickness of thin layers on strips and wires which are moved relative to the apparatus. The apparatus is stationary and includes one or more beta emitters directed towards the layer and spatially arranges relative to the longitudinal axis of a beta radiation detector or counting tube which is arranged to the rear of the beta emitter for counting the backscattered beta radiation, and a guide for the strip or wire at a specified distance from the beta emitter. The ratio of the characteristic cross-sectional dimension (D) of the window of the beta radiation detector to the intersecting surface diameter (d) of the intersecting surface layer/intensity distribution curve of the beta emitter, being expressed as D/d=15 . . . 2; with the distance between the layer and the beta radiation emitter being in the plateau region of the curve of the counting rate/distance characteristic obtained by the above feature.

Abstract: A normalized count from a digital computer in a layer-thickness measuring device of the beta ray back-scatter type, is fed to a digital-analog converter and a correction circuit which realizes the function X.sub.n corr = X.sub.n +A a.sub.2 X.sub.n.sup.p (1-x.sub.n).sup.q and then to an indicator having a non-linear scale, in which X.sub.n is the normalized count, A is a dimensionless number between +1 and -1, a.sub.2 is a dimensionless number between +0.1 and -0.1, and p and q are dimensionless positive values around unity but different from one another which are permanently wired into the correction circuit.

Abstract: An interchangeable end piece for fastening to the front surfaces of a soft-iron magnetic yoke of a measuring probe which measuring probe is used for measuring the thickness of thin non-ferromagnetic layers on a ferromagnetic base comprising a pin element having a headplate, a contact piece welded to the headplate which contact piece is made from a mass-produced, high-precision steel element having a contact surface with a single radius of curvature, the radial angle of the contact surface, measured from the center of the underside of the contact piece, is much smaller than 90.degree., the surface of the contact piece outside the radial angle range is depressed, the maximum surface described by the radial angle is much smaller than the cross-sectional area of the pin element up to the rim of the underside of the contact piece.

Abstract: A device for the coulometric measurement of the thickness of thin metal layers of different material on a base has switch-over devices permitting switching to the measurement problem at hand and an electrolytic switch-over device. Accessible from the outside of the device, a first plug section, coupling electrical lines, is provided. Second plug sections having a shape necessarily resulting in correct plugging can be selectively plugged into the first plug section. The second plug section mounts electrical circuit elements of values pertaining to a separate measurement problem, which elements are connected to the plug contacts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a probe for measuring the thickness of thin non-ferromagnetic layers on a ferromagnetic base, with a spherical sector consisting of a ground ball bearing ball, with a pin-like fastener connected to the bottom side of the ball bearing ball, with a magnetizable carrier whose side, facing the spherical sector, has an opening for the fastener to be inserted there and which carries a transmission coil.