Abstract: A subsurface support is provided in the form of a soil nail. The soil nail has asperities formed on the outer surface thereof to improve the pullout capacity of the soil nail. The asperities can take a number of forms to include indentations, deformations and threads formed on the outer surface of the soil nail. Optionally, a stinger may be attached to a distal end of the soil nail to further enhance the pullout capacity of the soil nail.

Abstract: A subsurface support includes a soil nail of two-piece construction. The body of the soil nail is constructed of fiberglass. The tip of the soil nail is constructed of a machined metal piece that is secured to the distal end of the fiberglass body. The soil nail is preferably installed by a launching device.

Abstract: A subsurface support includes a protective outer member that encases an interior support member. The inner support member may typically be a steel or iron rod which is held within the outer tube as by grout or cement. The outer tube is preferably emplaced by forcing the outer tube into the ground by use of a launching device. The distal end of the outer tube is pointed thus allowing easier penetration of the outer tube into the ground. The subsurface support may be used in numerous functional ways to provide support for an overlying man made structure, or to stabilize surrounding rock and soil. The support can be used in compression, tension, bending, and/or shear.