Abstract: A device and assembly for reliably generating supersonic detonation waves in a fuel and air or fuel and oxygen mixture. The device may use a hemispherical detonation chamber into which reactants, comprising a fuel and air or oxygen mixture are injected and ignited by a laser igniter to initiate a detonation wave. The wave is reflected by the hemispherical geometry of the detonation chamber and may exit the device through a fast-acting valve. The detonation chamber may be then purged and the cycle is repeated many times per second. The device may be used for various applications which include but are not limited to a stand-alone intermittent combustion engine, a pre-detonator for an intermittent combustion engine, a projectile launcher, a cleaning device, acoustical energy generation, pressure energy generation, various manufacturing processes and electric power generation. The device may use liquid, gaseous, or solid fuels, depending on the application.

Abstract: A device and assembly for reliably generating supersonic detonation waves in a fuel and air or fuel and oxygen mixture. The device uses a hemispherical detonation chamber into which reactants, consisting of a fuel and air or oxygen mixture are injected and ignited by a laser to initiate a detonation wave. The wave is reflected by the hemispherical geometry of the detonation chamber and exits the device through a fast-acting valve. The detonation chamber is then purged and the cycle is repeated many times per second. The device can be used for various applications which include but are not limited to a stand-alone intermittent combustion engine, a pre-detonator for an intermittent combustion engine, a projectile launcher, a cleaning device, acoustical energy generation, pressure energy generation, various manufacturing processes and electric power generation. The device may use liquid, gaseous, or solid fuels, depending on the application.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for manufacturing a measuring cell comprising a tube having a first end capped by a membrane of an ion-selective material, comprising the steps of: providing a paste comprising all constituents of the ion-selective material; mounting the tube onto a stick with a tip such that the stick extends through the tube; dispensing an amount of the paste onto the tip; heating the first end of the tube and the dispensed paste to a temperature causing the dispensed paste to melt and the thus-produced melt to form a film covering the tip and an end surface of the first end of the tube; transforming the film into the membrane joined to the tube by cooling the first end of the tube and the film to a temperature below a melting point of the ion-selective material; and separating the thus-manufactured measuring cell from the stick.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing membranes consisting essentially of an ion-selective material is disclosed. The method comprises: providing a spreadable base material; dispensing a quantity of the base material onto a top side of a tray, wherein the top side includes a set of coplanar flat surface segments, each having a surface area corresponding to a disc area of one of the membranes to be manufactured, and wherein at least the top side of the tray consists essentially of a non-adhesive material; distributing the dispensed base material across the top side of the tray such that a thickness of the distributed base material covering the coplanar surface segments corresponds to a predetermined thickness; transforming the thus-distributed base material into ion-selective material comprising one or more coplanar sheets covering the coplanar surface segments; and removing individual membranes from the tray, each defining a disc-shaped section of the ion-selective material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing membranes consisting essentially of an ion-selective material is disclosed. The method comprises: providing a spreadable base material; dispensing a quantity of the base material onto a top side of a tray, wherein the top side includes a set of coplanar flat surface segments, each having a surface area corresponding to a disc area of one of the membranes to be manufactured, and wherein at least the top side of the tray consists essentially of a non-adhesive material; distributing the dispensed base material across the top side of the tray such that a thickness of the distributed base material covering the coplanar surface segments corresponds to a predetermined thickness; transforming the thus-distributed base material into ion-selective material comprising one or more coplanar sheets covering the coplanar surface segments; and removing individual membranes from the tray, each defining a disc-shaped section of the ion-selective material.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for manufacturing a measuring cell comprising a tube having a first end capped by a membrane of an ion-selective material, comprising the steps of: providing a paste comprising all constituents of the ion-selective material; mounting the tube onto a stick with a tip such that the stick extends through the tube; dispensing an amount of the paste onto the tip; heating the first end of the tube and the dispensed paste to a temperature causing the dispensed paste to melt and the thus-produced melt to form a film covering the tip and an end surface of the first end of the tube; transforming the film into the membrane joined to the tube by cooling the first end of the tube and the film to a temperature below a melting point of the ion-selective material; and separating the thus-manufactured measuring cell from the stick.