Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for concealing a subscription identifier. The subscription identifier may be padded with a random number of characters. The padding may use characters not usable for the subscription identifier. The padded subscription identifier may be encrypted and output, possibly with an indication of the padding method used and, in an embodiment, an indication of the number of padding characters. The subscription identifier may be a user identifier, e.g., in a 5G network in which a wireless transmit/receive unit can conceal its identifier.

Abstract: A method for use in wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) which assesses both a first network and a second network to receive radio frames from each of the first network and the second network is disclosed. The method comprise: obtaining a first paging occasion (PO) as the first network's current PO and a second PO as the second network's current PO; determining whether there is a PO collision between the first PO and the second PO, on condition that there is the PO collision, selecting a network from the first network and the second network, and sending a request to the selected network; receiving, from the selected network, a collision avoidance parameter corresponding to the request; calculating a third PO for the selected network using the collision avoidance parameter, and using the third PO as the selected network's current PO.

Abstract: A method for use in wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) which assesses both a first network and a second network to receive radio frames from each of the first network and the second network is disclosed. The method comprise: obtaining a first paging occasion (PO) as the first network's current PO and a second PO as the second network's current PO; determining whether there is a PO collision between the first PO and the second PO, on condition that there is the PO collision, selecting a network from the first network and the second network, and sending a request to the selected network; receiving, from the selected network, a collision avoidance parameter corresponding to the request; calculating a third PO for the selected network using the collision avoidance parameter, and using the third PO as the selected network's current PO.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities may be provided to discover a personal Internet of Things (IoT) network (PIN). A discovery policy configuration information associated with a PIN may be determined. The discovery policy configuration information may comprise a PIN identification (ID) and may indicate that discovery for the PIN may be enabled. A first message may be sent to a second WTRU if discovery for the PIN is enabled. The first message may be based on the discovery policy configuration information and may indicate the PIN ID. A second message may be received from the second WTRU. The second message may indicate the PIN ID and may indicate a request for information associated with the PIN. A third message may be sent to the second WTRU. The third message may indicate the PIN ID and may indicate the requested information that may be associated with the PIN.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for changing a layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) during an ongoing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) session between a source wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and a peer WTRU include communicating between the source and a peer WTRUs based on an existing layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID). On a condition that a trigger event occurs, the source WTRU generates a new source L2 ID, communicates the new source L2 ID to the peer WTRU, receives from the peer WTRU a message that responds to the new source L2 ID, and communicates between the source WTRU and the peer WTRU based on the new source L2 ID.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for minimization of service interruption in wireless networks, such as 5G networks. According to an embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, comprises: transmitting, to a second network, first information indicating a request to register with the second network, wherein the first information comprises information indicating an identity of a first network to which the WTRU is currently registered; receiving, from the second network, second information indicating an acceptance of registration to the second network, wherein the second information comprises information indicating a maximum amount of PDU sessions, wherein the maximum amount corresponds to a limit of allowable PDU sessions; and transmitting, to the second network, third information indicating a request to establish a second amount of PDU sessions no more than the limit of allowable PDU sessions.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for secure access control in wireless communications are disclosed. In an example, a method includes receiving a broadcast message including system information, identifying a first set of hashed identifiers (IDs) and a first random number based on the system information, and each ID of the first set of hashed IDs is individually hashed using at least the first random number. The method also includes calculating a first hash value for each ID of a second set of IDs using at least the first random number, determining whether at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs, and sending a request message based on a determination that at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may function as a relay between other WTRUs. The relay WTRU may receive a domain name system (DNS) query request from a first WTRU for the internet protocol (IP) address of a second WTRU. The DNS query request may comprise the first WTRU's authentication container. The relay WTRU may: send a first authentication request comprising the first WTRU's authentication container to the second WTRU, receive a first authentication response from the second WTRU indicating successful authentication of the first WTRU and comprising the second WTRU's authentication container. send a second authentication request to the first WTRU comprising the second WTRU's authentication container, receive a second authentication response from the first WTRU indicating successful authentication of the second WTRU. and based on successful authentication of the first and second WTRUs. send a DNS response comprising the IP address of the second WTRU to the first WTRU.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for minimization of service interruption in wireless networks, such as 5G networks. According to an embodiment, a method, implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, comprises: transmitting, to a second network, first information indicating a request to register with the second network, wherein the first information comprises information indicating an identity of a first network to which the WTRU is currently registered; receiving, from the second network, second information indicating an acceptance of registration to the second network, wherein the second information comprises information indicating a maximum amount of PDU sessions, wherein the maximum amount corresponds to a limit of allowable PDU sessions; and transmitting, to the second network, third information indicating a request to establish a second amount of PDU sessions no more than the limit of allowable PDU sessions.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for secure access control in wireless communications are disclosed. In an example, a method includes receiving a broadcast message including system information, identifying a first set of hashed identifiers (IDs) and a first random number based on the system information, and each ID of the first set of hashed IDs is individually hashed using at least the first random number. The method also includes calculating a first hash value for each ID of a second set of IDs using at least the first random number, determining whether at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs, and sending a request message based on a determination that at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for supporting multiple application IDs on a single unicast link using Layer-3 Relay. Methods and apparatus for operation by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) are provided. In an embodiment, a method may include any of receiving a first request message to establish a direct communication with a peer WTRU, the request message including an indication of first user information of the peer WTRU, associated with a first application and/or a first application identity; transmitting, to the peer WTRU, information indicating a first Internet Protocol (IP) address; receiving a second request message to associate a second application with the direct communication; transmitting a second response message including a second IP address; and communicating, with the peer WTRU using the direct communication, data related to the first application using the first IP address and data related to the second application using the second IP address.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for changing a layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) during an ongoing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) session between a source wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and a peer WTRU include communicating between the source and a peer WTRUs based on an existing layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID). On a condition that a trigger event occurs, the source WTRU generates a new source L2 ID, communicates the new source L2 ID to the peer WTRU, receives from the peer WTRU a message that responds to the new source L2 ID, and communicates between the source WTRU and the peer WTRU based on the new source L2 ID.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method, implemented by a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) registered to a first network, includes receiving, from the first network, information indicating a value to be used during a registration to a second network; and determining, based on at least the indicated value, at least a first start time and a second start time from which to perform the registration to the second network. The method further includes initiating the registration to the second network after the first start time; and on condition that the registration is not completed within a defined period after the first start time: (1) halting the registration to the second network, and (2) initiating a second registration or re-registration of the WTRU to the second network after the second start time.

Abstract: A method implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) of provisioning the WTRU for communication in a temporary local network includes transmitting, to an onboarding network, information regarding a capability of the WTRU to communicate with the temporary local network. Configuration information for temporary local network provisioning is received from the onboarding network. A message identifying a provisioning configuration for use by the WTRU with the temporary local network is received from the onboarding network, using the received configuration information. A message is sent to the temporary local network using the provisioning configuration.

Abstract: A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may be provided. The WTRU may be configured to receive a first message from a first relay WTRU. The first message may indicate a service provided by a second WTRU and a first measurement associated with a broadcast message. The WTRU may be configured to determine a second measurement. The second measurement may be associated with the first message received from the first relay WTRU. The WTRU may be configured to send a second message to the first relay WTRU if the first measurement satisfies a first criteria for selecting a relay from a plurality of relays and the second measurement satisfies a second criteria for selecting the relay from the plurality of relays. The second message may comprise an indication to establish communication between the first WTRU and the second WTRU via the first relay WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) performing relay communications are provided. A method may include receiving a first message indicating: (1) a first security policy associated with a first data link, and (2) a maximum data rate for integrity protection (MDRIP) supported by the remote WTRU; transmitting, to a network, a second message indicating: (1) an MDRIP supported by the remote WTRU or by the relay WTRU, and (2) a request for PDU session establishment; receiving, from the network, a third message indicating a second security policy for a second data link; and establishing the first data link with the remote WTRU on the condition that an end-to-end (e2e) security policy is compatible with the second security policy, wherein the e2e security policy is determined according to the second security policy and a UP security policy of the relay WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for changing a layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) during an ongoing vehicle-to-everything (V2X) session between a source wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and a peer WTRU include communicating between the source and a peer WTRUs based on an existing layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID). On a condition that a trigger event occurs, the source WTRU generates a new source L2 ID, communicates the new source L2 ID to the peer WTRU, receives from the peer WTRU a message that responds to the new source L2 ID, and communicates between the source WTRU and the peer WTRU based on the new source L2 ID.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for performing secure command and control (C2) communications in an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) including a UAV controller (UAV-C) are provided. The method includes on condition that the UAV has completed a registration procedure with a network, transmitting, to a session management function (SMF) of the network, a packet data unit (PDU) session establishment request message; performing a secondary authentication, with any of the USS and the UTM, via the SMF; receiving a PDU session establishment accept message including C2 security information; and establishing C2 communications security with the peer UAV-C using the C2 security information.

Abstract: An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) authentication and authorization may be performed by a third-party service provider (e.g., an unmanned aerial system traffic management (UTM) over a user plane (UP)). An UAV may be configured to send an UAV ID to a network. The UAV may receive, from the network, security information that indicates an authorization of a connection to a third-party service provider. The UAV may establish, based on the security information, the connection to the third-party service provider for communications with the third-party service provider. The security information may include signature information of the third-party service provider, and one or more of a subscription identifier (ID) associated with the UAV, the UAV ID, or an ID of the third-party service provider.

Abstract: A method for changing layer 2 (L2) identifiers (ID)s during an ongoing vehicle-to-everything session between a source wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and a peer WTRU includes communicating between the source and a peer WTRUs based on existing L2 IDs and an existing session ID. On a condition that a trigger event occurs, the source WTRU and the peer WTRU each generate new L2 IDs as well as respective portions of a new session ID. The new L2 IDs are subsequently used along with the new session ID to increase privacy of communication between the source WTRU and the peer WTRU.