Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method, implemented by a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) registered to a first network, includes receiving, from the first network, information indicating a value to be used during a registration to a second network; and determining, based on at least the indicated value, at least a first start time and a second start time from which to perform the registration to the second network. The method further includes initiating the registration to the second network after the first start time; and on condition that the registration is not completed within a defined period after the first start time: (1) halting the registration to the second network, and (2) initiating a second registration or re-registration of the WTRU to the second network after the second start time.

Abstract: A network device comprises a processor configured to receive a sample from a vertical federated learning (VFL) participant of a plurality of VFL participants associated with a VFL model. The processor may be configured to determine a sample identifier (ID) for the sample from the VFL participant of a plurality of VFL participants. The sample ID may be used, for example, to identify a specific VFL procedure based on the VFL model. The processor may be configured to send the sample ID to the plurality of VFL participants. The processor may be configured to send an indication to the plurality of VFL participants to initiate a VFL training based on the sample ID.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products are provided for network-initiated wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) registration. WTRU methods and systems include scanning for and receiving a first system information block (SIB) including network-initiated registration (NIR) information from a wireless network, where the WTRU is not registered with the wireless network and the scanning is based on a scanning configuration. The methods and systems further include transmitting a request for a second SIB to the wireless network based on the NIR information of the first SIB indicating that additional NIR information is available and receiving the second SIB, which includes the additional NIR information. The methods and system additionally include transmitting a registration request to the wireless network based on the NIR information and on the additional NIR information, where the wireless network registers the WTRU based on the registration request.

Abstract: A method performed by a WTRU may comprise: detecting a DLT; transmitting, to a network node, a DLT reporting request message including a DDC associated with the detected DLT; receiving, from the network node, a DLT reporting response message, including a DLT status of the detected DLT; and receiving, from the network node, a DLT policy update notification message, including the DLT status and an updated DLT reporting policy associated with the detected DLT. The WTRU may be a sensing WTRU. The network node may be configured with a DLTF. The DLT status may be a desirable state, an undesirable state, or an unknown state.

Abstract: A method implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is disclosed. The method may comprise determining to enter a powered down state and determining a temporary identifier. The method may also comprise sending the temporary identifier to an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device and sending a request to a network to subscribe to a power on or wake-up procedure. The request may include at least the temporary identifier. Further, the method may comprise sending a notification to the AIoT device indicating the WTRU is entering the powered down state and entering the powered down state. Additionally, the method may comprise receiving a wake-up message from the AIoT device and exiting the powered down state in response to receiving the wake-up message from the AIoT device.

Abstract: A first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be used to provide an SL. positioning service. The first WTRU may comprise a processor. A solicitation message may be received from a second WTRU. The solicitation message may indicate a status of a second WTRU and may indicate service information associated with an SL positioning service, It may be determined that the first WTRU is capable of providing the SL positioning service based on the status of the second WTRU and the service information. A response message may be sent to the second WTRU when the first WTRU is capable of providing the SL positioning service.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may function as a relay between other WTRUs. The relay WTRU may receive a domain name system (DNS) query request from a first WTRU for the internet protocol (IP) address of a second WTRU. The DNS query request may comprise the first WTRU's authentication container. The relay WTRU may: send a first authentication request comprising the first WTRU's authentication container to the second WTRU, receive a first authentication response from the second WTRU indicating successful authentication of the first WTRU and comprising the second WTRU's authentication container, send a second authentication request to the first WTRU comprising the second WTRU's authentication container, receive a second authentication response from the first WTRU indicating successful authentication of the second WTRU, and based on successful authentication of the first and second WTRUs, send a DNS response comprising the IP address of the second WTRU to the first WTRU.

Abstract: A reader device may receive a request including a permanent device identifier (PDI) for an ambient-power-enabled internet of things (AIoT) device. The reader device may generate an encrypted temporary device identifier (ETDI) based on application of an encryption algorithm to the PDI. Further, the reader device may obtain a short-ETDI based on application of a bitmask to the ETDI. Also, the reader device may transmit, over a radio interface, a trigger message including the short-ETDI to the AIoT device. Moreover, the reader device may receive, over the radio interface, a random access (RA) response message including the short-ETDI from the AIoT device. In an example, the request may be an inventory request, and the inventory request may be received from an AIoT function. Further, the request may include an indication that encryption is supported by the AIoT device.

Abstract: A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may be provided. A first message may be received from a relay. The first message may indicate a link quality measurement associated with a Uu interface between the relay and a network. It may be determined that a condition for a relay selection is satisfied based on the Uu link quality measurement. Based on the condition that the relay selection condition is satisfied, a second message may be sent to the relay. The second message may indicate a request to establish a connection to the network via the relay.

Abstract: A first network node of a first network, the first network node configured to receive, from a second network node, a first authentication request to access, by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a second network hosted by the first network; send, to a third network node, a first request to obtain an identification token; receive, from the third network node, a response to the first request; send, to a fourth network node, a second authentication request comprising information indicating an identifier associated with the WTRU, a network identifier and the identification token; receive, from the fourth network node, a response to the second authentication request comprising information indicating a first key in response to an authentication success; determine, based on the first key and network identifier, a second key to access the second network by the WTRU; and send, to the second network node, information indicating the second key.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to methods and apparatus for federated learning (FL) artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) implemented in a first security entity associated with a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). A method may include: obtaining, by the first security entity, first information indicating security assessment data of the WTRU in a federated learning network; determining, by the first security entity, based on the security assessment data, an indication of a security vulnerability of a trained FL AIML intermediate model; sending based on the determined indication of the security vulnerability, by the first security entity to a second security entity associated with a network node, second information indicating the trained FL AIML intermediate model; and sending, by the first security entity to the network node, third information associated with a training of the trained FL AIML intermediate model.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to real-time quality of service (QoS) monitoring and prediction are described. A first QoS monitoring request indicating one or more WTRUs may be received from a server. A second QoS monitoring request may be sent, the second QoS monitoring request indicating a session to be monitored by a WTRU of the one or more WTRUs. A QoS monitoring response may be received, the QoS monitoring response indicating (i) the session to be monitored and (ii) performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored. First performance measurement assistance information may be sent, based on the performance measurement information associated with the session to be monitored, and QoS report information may be received, the QoS report information indicating one or more QoS metrics measured by the WTRU in the session.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for performing secure command and control (C2) communications in an Unmanned Aerial System (CAS) including a UAV controller (UAV-C) are provided. The method includes on condition that the UAV has completed a registration procedure with a network, transmitting, to a session management function (SMF) of the network, a packet data unit (PDU) session establishment request message; performing a secondary authentication, with any of the USS and the UTM, via the SMF; receiving a PDU session establishment accept message including C2 security information; and establishing C2 communications security with the peer UAV-C using the C2 security information.

Abstract: A method implemented in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) of provisioning the WTRU for communication in a temporary local network includes transmitting, to an onboarding network, information regarding a capability of the WTRU to communicate with the temporary local network. Configuration information for temporary local network provisioning is received from the onboarding network. A message identifying a provisioning configuration for use by the WTRU with the temporary local network is received from the onboarding network, using the received configuration information. A message is sent to the temporary local network using the provisioning configuration.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for secure policy provisioning includes receiving a network message including new policy information, a first policy message authentication code (MAC) generated by a network (P-MAC-N), and a policy protection counter (PPC). The WTRU generates a second policy MAC using a security key shared with the network, the new policy information, and the PPC, and verifies the integrity of the network message by determining that the P-MAC-N matches the second policy MAC. After the verification, the WTRU updates the previous policy information of the WTRU using the new policy information based on the match of the P-MAC-N and the second policy MAC.

Abstract: A WTRU Reader assists AIoT devices by collecting AIoT device responses that are triggered by a BS Reader and forwards the AIoT device responses to the BS Reader. The BS reader collects capability information from WTRU Readers. The WTRU Reader is configured by the BS Reader with the information needed to perform AIoT device assistance, including time slot information. When the BS Reader triggers an AIoT device, the WTRU Reader monitors for AIoT responses, and forwards received response to the BS Reader.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for protecting user privacy while bootstrapping an application function (AF) key from primary authentication are provided herein. In an example, a WTRU derives a KAKMA key for authentication and key management for applications (AKMA). Also, the WTRU derives a KAF key for an AF and a KAF key identity (ID) identifying the KAF key. Further, the KAF key and a KAF key ID are derived based on a freshness parameter, the KAKMA key, an AF ID identifying the AF, and a WTRU ID identifying the WTRU. The WTRU then transmits, to a network node, the freshness parameter, the AF ID and the WTRU ID. Also, the WTRU transmits to the AF, the KAF key ID. Moreover, the WTRU performs mutual authentication with the AF using the KAF key. In an example, the WTRU may also receive a key establishment confirmation, from the AF, for the KAF key.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are solutions to remediate a distributed denial of service attack. In an example, a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) transmits, to a network, a first attach request message including an store and forward (S&F) mode parameter. The WTRU receives, from the network, information indicating a puzzle and one or more parameters of the puzzle. Further, the WTRU generates evidence based on solving the puzzle. Moreover, the WTRU transmits, to the network, a second attach request message including the evidence. In an example, the WTRU receives, from the network, an attach reject message responsive to the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU receives, from the network, the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the network is a non-terrestrial network (NTN). Additionally or alternatively, the network includes a satellite. Additionally or alternatively, the includes a mobility management entity (MME) non-terrestrial (NT).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for paging retransmission. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive, from a network node, a message comprising device information and paging configuration information. The paging configuration information may include paging retransmission instructions. The paging retransmission instructions may comprise a first instruction indicative of retransmission not required, a second instruction indicative of retransmission required, and a third instruction indicative of conditional retransmission required. The WTRU transmit, based on the device information, to a group of devices, a first paging message. Based on receiving one or more paging responses or receiving no responses, the WTRU may transmit, based on the paging retransmission instructions, a second paging message with an indication of paging retransmission.