Abstract: In various examples, cost probability distributions corresponding to predicted locations of an object in an environment and potential locations for a machine in the environment and may be evaluated using corresponding observed costs corresponding to the machine and the object. The cost probability distributions may be evaluated based on comparing the observed costs to threshold values, which may be determined based on sampling a predicted cost function. A threshold value may be selected to provide false-positive rate and/or false-negative rate guarantees for anomaly detection. Control operations may be performed based on results of the evaluation of the cost probability distributions. For example, based on the results, a motion planner may reuse a planned trajectory for a future planning cycle (e.g., thereby avoiding re-planning computations) or generate and/or select a new planned trajectory (e.g., based at least on one or more anomalies being detected).