Abstract: Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative current collector, a negative electrode in electrical communication with the negative current collector, an electrolyte in electrical communication with the negative electrode, a positive current collector, and a positive electrode in electrical communication with the positive current collector and electrolyte. The positive electrode comprises a material that is solid at the operating temperature of the energy storage device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising a negative electrode, a molten electrolyte in electrical communication with the negative electrode, and a positive electrode in electrical communication with the molten electrolyte. One or more of the negative electrode, positive electrode, and molten electrolyte may be at least partially liquid at an operating temperature of the energy storage device. The positive electrode may be at least partially solid at the operating temperature of the energy storage device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative current collector, a negative electrode in electrical communication with the negative current collector, an electrolyte in electrical communication with the negative electrode, a positive current collector, and a positive electrode in electrical communication with the positive current collector and electrolyte. The positive electrode comprises a material that is solid at the operating temperature of the energy storage device.

Abstract: Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an energy storage device comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a negative current collector, a negative electrode in electrical communication with the negative current collector, an electrolyte in electrical communication with the negative electrode, a positive current collector, and a positive electrode in electrical communication with the positive current collector and electrolyte. The positive electrode comprises a material that is solid at the operating temperature of the energy storage device.

Abstract: The disclosure provides electrochemical batteries, electrochemical battery housings and methods for assembling electrochemical batteries. The battery housing can include a container, a container lid assembly and an electrical conductor. The container can include a cavity that extends into the container from a cavity aperture. The lid assembly can seal the cavity, and can include an electrically conductive container lid and an electrically conductive flange. The container lid can cover the cavity aperture and can include a conductor aperture that extends through the container lid. The flange can cover the conductor aperture and can be electrically isolated from the container lid. The conductor can be connected to the flange and can extend through the conductor aperture into the cavity. The conductor can be electrically isolated from the container lid.

Abstract: Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Abstract: Pressure relief mechanisms can provide an outlet for cathode pressure buildup during battery operation. Mechanical cathode modifications can control cathode interfaces during battery operation. Pressure relief mechanisms and mechanical modifications can be utilized to improve performance, longevity and/or to prevent failure of batteries, such as during cycling of liquid metal batteries.

Abstract: Pressure relief mechanisms can provide an outlet for cathode pressure buildup during battery operation. Mechanical cathode modifications can control cathode interfaces during battery operation. Pressure relief mechanisms and mechanical modifications can be utilized to improve performance, longevity and/or to prevent failure of batteries, such as during cycling of liquid metal batteries.

Abstract: The disclosure provides electrochemical batteries, electrochemical battery housings and methods for assembling electrochemical batteries. The battery housing can include a container, a container lid assembly and an electrical conductor. The container can include a cavity that extends into the container from a cavity aperture. The lid assembly can seal the cavity, and can include an electrically conductive container lid and an electrically conductive flange. The container lid can cover the cavity aperture and can include a conductor aperture that extends through the container lid. The flange can cover the conductor aperture and can be electrically isolated from the container lid. The conductor can be connected to the flange and can extend through the conductor aperture into the cavity. The conductor can be electrically isolated from the container lid.

Abstract: Pressure relief mechanisms can provide an outlet for cathode pressure buildup during battery operation. Mechanical cathode modifications can control cathode interfaces during battery operation. Pressure relief mechanisms and mechanical modifications can be utilized to improve performance, longevity and/or to prevent failure of batteries, such as during cycling of liquid metal batteries.