Abstract: Entropy coding, such as multi-symbol arithmetic coding, is used in video compression to encode data into a compressed bit stream for transmission. Some entropy coding techniques are adaptive, meaning that the probability distribution is updated on the fly, based on the data. Accuracy of cumulative probability estimation in adaptive multi-symbol arithmetic coding can impact coding efficiency. To address the issue, a mixture of two or more adaptive cumulative probability estimations computed using two or more adaptation parameters can be used in place of a single cumulative probability estimate. The two or more adaptation parameters can be unique for a context model. A divergence in the adaptive cumulative probability estimations may signal a sudden change in the probability of a symbol. The divergence may trigger a reset of one or more adaptive cumulative probability estimations.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of viruses. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent viral infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of viruses. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent viral infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of viruses. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent viral infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for delivering biological moieties such as modified nucleic acids into cells to kill or reduce the growth of microorganisms. Such compositions and methods include the use of modified messenger RNAs, and are useful to treat or prevent microbial infection, or to improve a subject's heath or wellbeing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to nucleic acids designed to prevent the binding of single strand RNA in protein complexes originatig from small interfering RNA (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and uses thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of identifying sites in the 3?- and/or 5?-UTR of mRNA involved in the binding of miRNA and/or siRNA to their target sites and nucleic acids designed to prevent the binding of endogenous or exogenous miRNA and/or siRNA to their target mRNA and uses thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel human and clam ubiquitin carrier polypeptides involved in the ubiquitination of cyclins A and/or B. Also disclosed are inhibitors of such polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides and inhibitors, antibodies specific for such polypeptides, and methods of their use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a branched bis-biotin/avidin/multiple label complex that is conjugated to a member of a specific binding pair (“sbp member”). The complex and conjugate compositions of the invention find use in an assay for an analyte wherein there is employed a reagent system comprising an avidin reagent and a biotin reagent. The present invention comprises using as the biotin reagent the branched bis-biotin/avidin/multiple label complex as described above. Also disclosed are kits comprising the present bis-biotin/avidin/multiple label complex and methods of preparing a bis-biotin/avidin/multiple label complex conjugate of a member of a specific binding pair (“sbp member”) for use in a specific binding assay.