Abstract: Methods and systems relating to a protocol for verification and enforcement of proper payment of a reward from a business (second entity) to a user (first entity) are shown. A reward can be earned by the user storing private information as encrypted data on the block chain or in a data store, such as IPFS, accessible by the business. Smart contracts running on a block chain operate to implement portions of the protocol while a local block chain node can run smart contracts in read-only mode to avoid placing private information, such as decryption keys, on the block chain. The protocol can be implementable over public storage and all artifacts of the protocol can be used later as proofs of proper behavior. The protocol defines incentives and penalties to motivate every player to act according to the rules, hence making the methods and systems operate as expected.

Abstract: A photodetector array comprising at least one first sensor and at least one second sensor on the horizontal surface of the array substrate. The at least one first sensor is sensitive to radiation in a first wavelength range which comprises long-wavelength infrared wavelengths, and the at least one second sensor is sensitive to radiation in a second wavelength range which comprises wavelengths shorter than long-wavelength infrared. The array substrate comprises a vertical cavity on its horizontal surface, and the first sensor comprises a layer of pyroelectric material (65) which extends horizontally across the vertical cavity in the first area. A first part of a layer of two-dimensional layered material at least partly covers the layer of pyroelectric material (65), and a second part of the layer of two-dimensional layered material at least partly covers the foundation of the second sensor.

Abstract: A photodetector which comprises a measurement layer (15) and at least a first photoactive layer (11) which covers the measurement layer (15). The measurement layer (15) may be a transistor channel or a charge accumulation electrode. The conductivity type of the measurement layer is n-type, p-type or ambipolar and the first photoactive layer (11) exhibits intrinsic semiconductivity.

Abstract: An apparatus (201) comprises a light emitter (202) and a photodetector (203) formed on a single fluid-permeable substrate (206) such that the photodetector (203) is able to detect light emitted by the light emitter (202) after interaction of the light with a user of the apparatus (201). The photodetector comprises a channel member (207) which may be made from graphene, respective source and drain electrodes (208, 209), a layer of photosensitive material (210) configured to vary the flow of electrical current through the channel member (207) on exposure to light from the light emitter (202), and a gate electrode (211).

Abstract: Methods and systems relating incentivizing a data provider to participate in a match making protocol between a business (second entity) to a user (first entity) are shown. Encryption techniques maintain the secrecy of the data providers data such as proprietary analytics of user information such that the data is need not be shared with users or businesses. Businesses can verify that the user has desired properties without learning the actual raw data owned by the data provider. Users initiate data sharing by explicit request but do not learn the actual raw data known to the data provider, only whether or not they satisfy the properties of interest. The data provider is incentivized because the business compensates the data provider for access to proofs of properties about user data.

Abstract: A photodetector which comprises a measurement layer (15) and at least a first photoactive layer (11) which covers the measurement layer (15). The measurement layer (15) may be a transistor channel or a charge accumulation electrode. The conductivity type of the measurement layer is n-type, p-type or ambipolar and the first photoactive layer (11) exhibits intrinsic semiconductivity.

Abstract: Methods and systems can prove to an independent verifier that multiple activities registered on decentralized BASE network belong to the same user, without revealing true identity of the user. A selective linkability algorithm provides for linking together activities done under various of user's pseudonyms, without revealing the true user's identity. A reward calculation mechanism calculates a reward based on activities linked using the linking proof. For example, if user can prove that she already successfully completed 10 prior transactions, she might be deemed more valuable to the business making a new offer and hence eligible for a higher reward.

Abstract: A photodetector array comprising at least one first sensor and at least one second sensor on the horizontal surface of the array substrate. The at least one first sensor is sensitive to radiation in a first wavelength range which comprises long-wavelength infrared wavelengths, and the at least one second sensor is sensitive to radiation in a second wavelength range which comprises wavelengths shorter than long-wavelength infrared. The array substrate comprises a vertical cavity on its horizontal surface, and the first sensor comprises a layer of pyroelectric material (65) which extends horizontally across the vertical cavity in the first area. A first part of a layer of two-dimensional layered material at least partly covers the layer of pyroelectric material (65), and a second part of the layer of two-dimensional layered material at least partly covers the foundation of the second sensor.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for validating data and attesting to its accuracy in a secure distributed environment. Encrypted data stored by a user in a datastore such as a blockchain or open public decentralized datastore can be validated by a validator. The validator is a trusted entity to whom the user provides decryption keys. Having access to the data, the validator can verify that it is accurate and can store a cryptographically signed validation certificate in the data store. Businesses engaging in transactions with the user can use the validation certificates to ensure that the user data is accurate and current.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program wherein the apparatus comprises:a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors; circuitry configured to provide an individual drain-source bias voltage to each of a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors, wherein different individual drain-source bias voltages have different parameters, to enable the plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors to detect light from a user of an apparatus; and circuitry configured to obtain output signals from each of a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors where the output signal is dependent upon both the light detected by the quantum dot-graphene field effect transistor and the parameters of the drain-source bias voltage to enable the obtained output signals to be used as a scrambled identification signal of the user of the apparatus.

Abstract: A photosensitive transistor or voltage-mode device which comprises a gate electrode, a layer of ambipolar two-dimensional material such as graphene and a layer of photoactive semiconducting material forms a junction with the ambipolar two-dimensional material. The photoactive semiconducting material and the ambipolar two-dimensional material are configured so that there is a non-screening gate voltage interval where an interface voltage at the junction between the photoactive semiconducting layer and the ambipolar two-dimensional material can be changed by applying to the gate electrode a gate voltage which falls within the non-screening gate voltage interval. The non-screening gate voltage interval comprises a flat-band gate voltage at which the interface voltage is zero. An electrical shutter can be operated at this gate voltage.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program wherein the apparatus comprises: a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors; circuitry configured to provide an individual drain-source bias voltage to each of a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors, wherein different individual drain-source bias voltages have different parameters, to enable the plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors to detect light from a user of an apparatus; and circuitry configured to obtain output signals from each of a plurality of quantum dot-graphene field effect transistors where the output signal is dependent upon both the light detected by the quantum dot-graphene field effect transistor and the parameters of the drain-source bias voltage to enable the obtained output signals to be used as a scrambled identification signal of the user of the apparatus.

Abstract: A method comprising: providing a substrate comprising one or more electronic structures; providing a layer of perovskite overlaying the one or more electronic structures; coating a layer of photoresist material overlaying the layer of perovskite; aligning a mask with the one or more electronic structures and patterning the photoresist material; and using the same etchant to remove sections of the patterned photoresist material and the perovskite underneath the sections of the photoresist material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus, the method comprising: forming a layer of two dimensional material (23), in particular graphene, on a first release layer; forming, possibly a (gate) insulating layer (35), and at least two, preferably three, electrodes (25); forming a second release layer overlaying at least a portion of the layer of two dimensional material; providing a mouldable polymer (24, 26, 28) overlaying the at least two electrodes and the second release layer; and removing the first and second release layers to provide a cavity (29) between the mouldable polymer (26) and the layer of two dimensional material (23).

Abstract: A photosensitive device that includes a conductive electrode, a dielectric layer, a sensing electrode composed of a two-dimensional layered material, and a photoactive layer which can be configured to absorb electromagnetic radiation. The photosensitive device also includes a single-ended measurement electrode for determining the electric potential of the sensing electrode.

Abstract: A method comprising: providing a substrate comprising one or more electronic structures; providing a layer of perovskite overlaying the one or more electronic structures; coating a layer of photoresist material overlaying the layer of perovskite; aligning a mask with the one or more electronic structures and patterning the photoresist material; and using the same etchant to remove sections of the patterned photoresist material and the perovskite underneath the sections of the photoresist material.

Abstract: Methods and systems relating to a protocol for verification and enforcement of proper payment of a reward from a business (second entity) to a user (first entity) are shown. A reward can be earned by the user storing private information as encrypted data on the block chain or in a data store, such as IPFS, accessible by the business. Smart contracts running on a block chain operate to implement portions of the protocol while a local block chain node can run smart contracts in read-only mode to avoid placing private information, such as decryption keys, on the block chain. The protocol can be implementable over public storage and all artifacts of the protocol can be used later as proofs of proper behavior. The protocol defines incentives and penalties to motivate every player to act according to the rules, hence making the methods and systems operate as expected.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for validating data and attesting to its accuracy in a secure distributed environment. Encrypted data stored by a user in a datastore such as a blockchain or open public decentralized datastore can be validated by a validator. The validator is a trusted entity to whom the user provides decryption keys. Having access to the data, the validator can verify that it is accurate and can store a cryptographically signed validation certificate in the data store. Businesses engaging in transactions with the user can use the validation certificates to ensure that the user data is accurate and current.

Abstract: Methods and systems can prove to an independent verifier that multiple activities registered on decentralized BASE network belong to the same user, without revealing true identity of the user. A selective linkability algorithm provides for linking together activities done under various of user's pseudonyms, without revealing the true user's identity. A reward calculation mechanism calculates a reward based on activities linked using the linking proof. For example, if user can prove that she already successfully completed 10 prior transactions, she might be deemed more valuable to the business making a new offer and hence eligible for a higher reward.

Abstract: Methods and systems relating incentivizing a data provider to participate in a match making protocol between a business (second entity) to a user (first entity) are shown. Encryption techniques maintain the secrecy of the data providers data such as proprietary analytics of user information such that the data is need not be shared with users or businesses. Businesses can verify that the user has desired properties without learning the actual raw data owned by the data provider. Users initiate data sharing by explicit request but do not learn the actual raw data known to the data provider, only whether or not they satisfy the properties of interest. The data provider is incentivized because the business compensates the data provider for access to proofs of properties about user data.