Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing three-dimensional models using a radiation-emitting set and optionally a specific arrangement of radiation-emitting units.

Abstract: In a method for heating an exhaust system of a combustion engine of a motor vehicle, the exhaust system comprises at least two components for exhaust gas cleaning. For at least one component, a temperature regulation is provided for heating the component while using a heating operation mode. For the heating of the exhaust system, a heating operation is used via a pulse control with heating pulses (101) and heating pauses (102), which switches between a heating operation mode and a normal operation without heating measures.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for monitoring an SCR catalytic converter in an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine, into which a reducing agent solution for the reduction of nitrogen oxides is dosed, wherein the SCR catalytic converter is diagnosed as defective if a measured variable is below a corresponding threshold and wherein the diagnosis of the SCR catalytic converter occurs when enabling criteria are met, wherein the enabling criteria are selected depending on a BPU model and a WPA model such that when the SCR catalytic converter (3) conforms to the BPU model, ammonia slip occurs through this SCR catalytic converter (3), and when the SCR catalytic converter corresponds to the WPA model, no ammonia slip occurs through this SCR catalytic converter.

Abstract: In a method for heating an exhaust system of a combustion engine of a motor vehicle, the exhaust system comprises at least two components for exhaust gas cleaning. For at least one component, a temperature regulation is provided for heating the component while using a heating operation mode. For the heating of the exhaust system, a heating operation is used via a pulse control with heating pulses (101) and heating pauses (102), which switches between a heating operation mode and a normal operation without heating measures.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for monitoring an SCR catalytic converter in an exhaust line of an internal combustion engine, into which a reducing agent solution for the reduction of nitrogen oxides is dosed, wherein the SCR catalytic converter is diagnosed as defective if a measured variable is below a corresponding threshold and wherein the diagnosis of the SCR catalytic converter occurs when enabling criteria are met, wherein the enabling criteria are selected depending on a BPU model and a WPA model such that when the SCR catalytic converter (3) conforms to the BPU model, ammonia slip occurs through this SCR catalytic converter (3), and when the SCR catalytic converter corresponds to the WPA model, no ammonia slip occurs through this SCR catalytic converter.

Abstract: In a method for diagnosing an SCR catalyst system of an internal combustion engine, the SCR catalyst system comprises at least one first SCR catalyst device (20) and at least one second SCR catalyst device (30). A first injection position upstream of the first SCR catalyst device (20) in the form of a first metering device (40) is provided for injecting liquid reducing agent for the SCR catalyst devices (20, 30). A second injection position between the two SCR catalyst devices (20, 30) in the form of a second metering device (50) is furthermore provided. Both SCR catalyst devices (20, 30) are monitored in a differentiated way by means of active and passive diagnostic methods.

Abstract: In the case of a method for operating an exhaust gas aftertreatment system of a motor vehicle, the exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprises at least one NOx storage catalyst (10) and at least one SCR catalyst (30). According to the invention, when an inadequate function of the NOx storage catalyst (10) or of the SCR catalyst (30) is identified, at least one auxiliary measure is initiated which leads to a reduction of the NOx emissions of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: In a method for operating an SCR catalytic converter system of an internal combustion engine, the SCR catalytic converter system comprises at least one SCR catalytic converter (30) and at least one upstream SCR-coated particulate filter (20). In order to inject liquid reducing agent for the SCR catalytic converter (30) and/or for the SCR-coated particulate filter (20), a first injection position is provided upstream of the SCR-coated particulate filter (20) in the form of a first metering device (40) and a second injection position is provided upstream of the SCR catalytic converter (30) and downstream of the SCR-coated particulate filter (20) in the form of a second metering device (50). The injection positions for the injection of liquid reducing agent are selected in a manner which is dependent on the operating states of the SCR catalytic converter system.

Abstract: A toothbrush comprises a head including a plurality of cleaning elements attached to the head, a handle, a neck extending between the head and the handle, a motor unit including a motor and a manual winder for manually energizing the motor, and a force sensor configured to detect a user-applied force exceeding a predetermined threshold force, wherein the force sensor causes the toothbrush to produce at least one of an audible signal and a tactile signal when the user-applied force exceeds a predetermined threshold force. An audible signal and a tactile signal may comprise, respectively, muting of the motor and interruption of vibration of the toothbrush.

Abstract: In a method for the diagnosis of an exhaust gas aftertreatment system for an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprises at least one NOx storage catalytic converter (10) and at least one SCR catalytic converter (30) which is arranged downstream of the NOx storage catalytic converter (10). According to the invention, a regeneration of the NOx storage catalytic converter (10) is blocked and/or interrupted in order to improve the frequency and/or quality of the diagnosis of the SCR catalytic converter (30).

Abstract: In the case of a method for checking the plausibility of a NOx sensor (62; 63) in an SCR catalytic converter system having at least one first SCR catalytic converter device (20) and having at least one second SCR catalytic converter device (30) and having in each case one dosing point (40, 50) for a reducing agent solution for the SCR catalytic converter devices (20, 30) upstream of the respective SCR catalytic converter device, the NOx sensor (62) to be checked for plausibility is situated either between the first SCR catalytic converter device (20) and the second SCR catalytic converter device (30), or the NOx sensor (63) to be checked for plausibility is situated downstream of the second SCR catalytic converter device (30).

Abstract: An oral care implement (1) comprising: an electrode pair with an impedance formed therebetween when electrified; a frequency generator, electrically connected to the electrode pair, for applying a voltage with at least two different frequencies between the electrode pair; an impedance measurement unit, electrically coupled to the electrode pair, for measuring impedance values between the electrode pair at least at the different frequencies; and a contact determination unit, in communication with the impedance measurement unit, wherein the contact determination unit comprises a memory for storing a function, wherein the function correlates impedance values of a defined oral area at the different frequencies, and wherein the contact determination unit comprises a processor for processing the measured impedance values to the stored function so as to determine contact information of the electrode pair with the defined oral area.

Abstract: A replacement toothbrush head includes a movable functional element comprising either a piston or a piston chamber; and a fixation element comprising either a piston when the movable functional element comprises a piston chamber; or a piston chamber when the movable functional element comprises a piston. The piston chamber engages the piston to form a pump; and the movable functional element is structured and configured to oscillate relative to the fixation element.

Abstract: A personal hygiene implement comprises an axle that extends along a first longitudinal axis; a movable functional element comprising a base comprising a first side and an opposing second side, a first pillar extending from the first side of the base, wherein the first pillar comprises a piston chamber that is fluidly connected to a discharging through-hole, and at least one cleaning element extending from the second side of the base; and a fixation element comprising a piston which extends orthogonally to the first longitudinal axis; wherein the movable functional element is capable of rotatably oscillating around the axle, and the piston chamber engages with the piston to form a pump.

Abstract: In a method for the diagnosis of an exhaust gas aftertreatment system for an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprises at least one NOx storage catalytic converter (10) and at least one SCR catalytic converter (30) which is arranged downstream of the NOx storage catalytic converter (10). According to the invention, a regeneration of the NOx storage catalytic converter (10) is blocked and/or interrupted in order to improve the frequency and/or quality of the diagnosis of the SCR catalytic converter (30).

Abstract: In the case of a method for operating an exhaust gas aftertreatment system of a motor vehicle, the exhaust gas aftertreatment system comprises at least one NOx storage catalyst (10) and at least one SCR catalyst (30). According to the invention, when an inadequate function of the NOx storage catalyst (10) or of the SCR catalyst (30) is identified, at least one auxiliary measure is initiated which leads to a reduction of the NOx emissions of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: In a method for operating an SCR catalytic converter system of an internal combustion engine, the SCR catalytic converter system comprises at least one SCR catalytic converter (30) and at least one upstream SCR-coated particulate filter (20). In order to inject liquid reducing agent for the SCR catalytic converter (30) and/or for the SCR-coated particulate filter (20), a first injection position is provided upstream of the SCR-coated particulate filter (20) in the form of a first metering device (40) and a second injection position is provided upstream of the SCR catalytic converter (30) and downstream of the SCR-coated particulate filter (20) in the form of a second metering device (50). The injection positions for the injection of liquid reducing agent are selected in a manner which is dependent on the operating states of the SCR catalytic converter system.

Abstract: In a method for diagnosing an SCR catalyst system of an internal combustion engine, the SCR catalyst system comprises at least one first SCR catalyst device (20) and at least one second SCR catalyst device (30). A first injection position upstream of the first SCR catalyst device (20) in the form of a first metering device (40) is provided for injecting liquid reducing agent for the SCR catalyst devices (20, 30). A second injection position between the two SCR catalyst devices (20, 30) in the form of a second metering device (50) is furthermore provided. Both SCR catalyst devices (20, 30) are monitored in a differentiated way by means of active and passive diagnostic methods.

Abstract: In the case of a method for checking the plausibility of a NOx sensor (62; 63) in an SCR catalytic converter system having at least one first SCR catalytic converter device (20) and having at least one second SCR catalytic converter device (30) and having in each case one dosing point (40, 50) for a reducing agent solution for the SCR catalytic converter devices (20, 30) upstream of the respective SCR catalytic converter device, the NOx sensor (62) to be checked for plausibility is situated either between the first SCR catalytic converter device (20) and the second SCR catalytic converter device (30), or the NOx sensor (63) to be checked for plausibility is situated downstream of the second SCR catalytic converter device (30).

Abstract: A nicotine-containing product comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable polymeric substrate, which is able to bind cations, nicotine or a pharmaceutically acceptable nicotine derivative, and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic cations. It further pertains to a method for the preparation of such a nicotine-containing product and to the use thereof for the preparation of a pharmaceutical product.