Abstract: A proppant includes a particle present in an amount of from 90 to 99.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the proppant, and a polyurethane coating disposed about the particle and present in an amount of from 0.5 to 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the proppant. The polyurethane coating comprises the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a polydiene polyol.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle comprises a core particle, a transferrable-pesticide disposed about the core particle, and a polyurethane layer disposed about the transferrable-pesticide. The core particle comprises a fertilizer, such as urea. The transferrable-pesticide can comprise a dinitroaniline, such as pendimethalin. The polyurethane layer is generally formed from a reaction mixture having a maximum temperature of no greater than about 30° C. The polyurethane layer inhibits the transferrable-pesticide from transferring to a surface different from the core particle when the encapsulated particle physically contacts the surface. A method of forming the encapsulated particle comprises the steps of encapsulating the core particle with the transferrable-pesticide to form an intermediate-particle, combining an isocyanate and a polyol to form the reaction mixture, and encapsulating the intermediate-particle with the reaction mixture to form the polyurethane layer of the encapsulated particle.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam having an initial UL 94 vertical flame classification of V-0 and maintaining a UL 94 vertical flame classification of V-0 after one week of heat aging at 150° C. is formed as the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component in the presence of a blowing agent. The isocyanate component includes an isocyanate-containing compound and a non-reactive phosphorous compound that is present in an amount ranging from 1 to 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam. The isocyanate-reactive component includes a polyether polyol and expandable graphite that is present in an amount ranging from 3 to 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam.

Abstract: A proppant includes a particle present in an amount of from 90 to 99.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the proppant, and a polyurethane coating disposed about the particle and present in an amount of from 0.5 to 10 percent by weight based on the total weight of the proppant. The polyurethane coating comprises the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component comprising a polydiene polyol.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle includes a core particle and a polyurethane layer. The polyurethane layer is disposed about the core particle and includes the reaction product of an isocyanate and a polyol component. The polyurethane layer is formed in the presence of a silicone surfactant. The polyol component includes a first polyol having a nominal functionality of at least 2.5 and a hydroxyl number of from 20 to 300 mg KOH/g. A method of encapsulating the core particle includes the steps of providing the core particle, the silicone surfactant, the isocyanate, and the polyol component. The method also includes the steps of mixing the isocyanate and the polyol component and encapsulating the core particle with the polyurethane layer.

Abstract: A dust suppressing aggregate includes a core particle and a dust suppressing agent. The dust suppressing agent comprises polycarbodiimide and is disposed about the core particle for suppressing dusting of the core particle. A method of forming the dust suppressing aggregate includes the steps of reacting isocyanates in the presence of a catalyst to form the polycarbodiimide and encapsulating the core particle with the polycarbodiimide to form the dust suppressing agent. A system for producing the dust suppressing aggregate includes the core particle, the isocyanates, and the catalyst.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam having an initial UL 94 vertical flame classification of V-0 and maintaining a UL 94 vertical flame classification of V-0 after one week of heat aging at 150° C. is formed as the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate-reactive component in the presence of a blowing agent. The isocyanate component includes an isocyanate-containing compound and a non-reactive phosphorous compound that is present in an amount ranging from 1 to 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam. The isocyanate-reactive component includes a polyether polyol and expandable graphite that is present in an amount ranging from 3 to 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle comprises a core particle, a transferrable-pesticide disposed about the core particle, and a polyurethane layer disposed about the transferrable-pesticide. The core particle comprises a fertilizer, such as urea. The transferrable-pesticide can comprise a dinitroaniline, such as pendimethalin. The polyurethane layer is generally formed from a reaction mixture having a maximum temperature of no greater than about 30° C. The polyurethane layer inhibits the transferrable-pesticide from transferring to a surface different from the core particle when the encapsulated particle physically contacts the surface. A method of forming the encapsulated particle comprises the steps of encapsulating the core particle with the transferrable-pesticide to form an intermediate-particle, combining an isocyanate and a polyol to form the reaction mixture, and encapsulating the intermediate-particle with the reaction mixture to form the polyurethane layer of the encapsulated particle.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle including a core particle, a base layer, and an outer layer is provided. The base layer is disposed about the core particle and comprises polycarbodiimide. The outer layer is disposed about the base layer and comprises wax. A method of forming the encapsulated particle including the steps of reacting an isocyanate in the presence of a catalyst to form the polycarbodiimide, encapsulating the core particle with the polycarbodiimide to form the base layer, and encapsulating the base layer with the wax to form the outer layer is also provided.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle includes a core particle, a polyurethane layer, and a wax. The polyurethane layer is disposed about the core particle and the wax is disposed about the polyurethane layer. The polyurethane layer includes the reaction product of an isocyanate and a polyol component. The polyol component includes a catalytic polyol derived from an aromatic amine-based initiator and a polyether polyol that is different from the catalytic polyol in a weight ratio of from about 1:2 to about 10:1. A method of encapsulating the core particle includes the steps of providing the core particle, the isocyanate, the polyol component, and the wax. The method also includes the steps of mixing and reacting the isocyanate and the polyol component to form a polyurethane, encapsulating the core particle with the polyurethane layer which comprises the polyurethane, and encapsulating the polyurethane layer with the wax.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle includes a core particle and a polyurethane layer. The polyurethane layer is disposed about the core particle and includes the reaction product of an isocyanate and a polyol component. The polyurethane layer is formed in the presence of a silicone surfactant. The polyol component includes a first polyol having a nominal functionality of at least 2.5 and a hydroxyl number of from 20 to 300 mg KOH/g. A method of encapsulating the core particle includes the steps of providing the core particle, the silicone surfactant, the isocyanate, and the polyol component. The method also includes the steps of mixing the isocyanate and the polyol component and encapsulating the core particle with the polyurethane layer.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle including a core particle, a base layer, and an outer layer is provided. The base layer is disposed about the core particle and comprises polycarbodiimide. The outer layer is disposed about the base layer and comprises wax. A method of forming the encapsulated particle including the steps of reacting an isocyanate in the presence of a catalyst to form the polycarbodiimide, encapsulating the core particle with the polycarbodiimide to form the base layer, and encapsulating the base layer with the wax to form the outer layer is also provided.

Abstract: A dust suppressing aggregate includes a core particle and a dust suppressing agent. The dust suppressing agent comprises polycarbodiimide and is disposed about the core particle for suppressing dusting of the core particle. A method of forming the dust suppressing aggregate includes the steps of reacting isocyanates in the presence of a catalyst to form the polycarbodiimide and encapsulating the core particle with the polycarbodiimide to form the dust suppressing agent. A system for producing the dust suppressing aggregate includes the core particle, the isocyanates, and the catalyst.

Abstract: An encapsulated particle includes a core particle, a polyurethane layer, and a wax. The polyurethane layer is disposed about the core particle and the wax is disposed about the polyurethane layer. The polyurethane layer includes the reaction product of an isocyanate and a polyol component. The polyol component includes a catalytic polyol derived from an aromatic amine-based initiator and a polyether polyol that is different from the catalytic polyol in a weight ratio of from about 1:2 to about 10:1. A method of encapsulating the core particle includes the steps of providing the core particle, the isocyanate, the polyol component, and the wax. The method also includes the steps of mixing and reacting the isocyanate and the polyol component to form a polyurethane, encapsulating the core particle with the polyurethane layer which comprises the polyurethane, and encapsulating the polyurethane layer with the wax.

Abstract: A dust suppressing aggregate includes a core particle and a dust suppressing agent. The dust suppressing agent comprises polyurethane and is disposed about the core particle for suppressing dusting of the core particle. A method of forming the dust suppressing aggregate includes the steps of providing the core particle and encapsulating the core particle with the polyurethane.

Abstract: The subject invention provides polyurethane foam and a method of purifying polyether polyols of non-volatile impurities for use in forming the polyurethane foam. The method includes the step of providing a crude polyether polyol having a non-volatile impurity present therein. The crude polyether polyol is contacted with an adsorbent selected from at least one of activated carbon, diatomaceous earth, charcoal, attapulgite, and clay to remove the impurity and filtered to form a purified polyether polyol. The filtering of the crude polyether polyol is carried out through a filter media that is used both in a pre-filtering step prior to adding the adsorbent and the filtering step to remove the adsorbent to reduce losses of the purified polyether polyol because of its high viscosity. The purified polyether polyol is then used to form a polyurethane foam having improved stability.

Abstract: The subject invention provides polyurethane foam and a method of purifying polyether polyols of non-volatile impurities for use in forming the polyurethane foam. The method includes the step of providing a crude polyether polyol having a non-volatile impurity present therein. The crude polyether polyol is contacted with an adsorbent selected from at least one of activated carbon, diatomaceous earth, charcoal, attapulgite, and clay to remove the impurity and filtered to form a purified polyether polyol. The filtering of the crude polyether polyol is carried out through a filter media that is used both in a pre-filtering step prior to adding the adsorbent and the filtering step to remove the adsorbent to reduce losses of the purified polyether polyol because of its high viscosity. The purified polyether polyol is then used to form a polyurethane foam having improved stability.