Abstract: A conductor arrangement for a lumped element circulator in which the mutual inductive or capacitive coupling between conductors is different at different points of coupling between conductors. The conductors (11L, 11R, 12L, 12R, 13L, 13R) may taper from one end to another. The conductors (31L, 31R, 32L, 32R, 33L, 33R) may include tabs (34, 35, 36) at conductor cross overs. The conductors (41L, 41R, 42L, 42R, 43L, 43R) may include notches (44, 45, 46) at conductor cross overs. The conductors may include transitions (55) in the centrelines (54) of conductors (51L, 51R, 52L, 52R, 53L, 53R). The conductors (61L, 61R, 62L, 62R, 63L, 63R) may curvilinear. The conductors (11L-13R; 21L-23R; 31L-33R; 41L-43R; 51L-53R; 61L-63R) may converge.

Abstract: A circulator having integrally formed conductors (20, 21, and 22) which may be folded to form overlaying conductors of a circulator. The circulator includes a lens (44) for shaping a biasing magnetic field distribution to compensate for non-uniformity of magnetic field strength caused by irregularities of a magnetic circuit or the shape of a magnet (45) or ferrite (40, 41). The characteristics of ferrite discs (40,41) are preferably correlated with the characteristics of a permanent magnet (45) so that variations of permeability of the ferrite (40, 41) are minimized over a specified temperature range.

Abstract: A circulator having integrally formed conductors (20, 21, and 22) which may be folded to form overlaying conductors of a circulator. The circulator includes a lens (44) for shaping a biasing magnetic field distribution to compensate for non-uniformity of magnetic field strength caused by irregularities of a magnetic circuit or the shape of a magnet (45) or ferrite (40, 41). The characteristics of ferrite discs (40, 41) are preferably correlated with the characteristics of a permanent magnet (45) so that variations of permeability of the ferrite (40, 41) are minimized over a specified temperature range.