Abstract: A method of operating an engine includes igniting a combustible mixture in a combustion chamber of the engine, which produces exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are ejected into an exhaust manifold of the engine to create a primary exhaust stream. A portion of the exhaust gases is separated from the primary exhaust stream to create a secondary exhaust stream. Air and fuel are then mixed with the secondary exhaust stream to form a reformer feed mixture. The reformer feed mixture is reacted in a catalytic reformer to create a reformate exhaust stream, which is then mixed with an intake air stream to create a mixed air stream. The mixed air stream is the fed to the combustion chamber of the engine as the combustible mixture.

Abstract: A method of operating an engine includes igniting a combustible mixture in a combustion chamber of the engine, which produces exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are ejected into an exhaust manifold of the engine to create a primary exhaust stream. A portion of the exhaust gases is separated from the primary exhaust stream to create a secondary exhaust stream. Air and fuel are then mixed with the secondary exhaust stream to form a reformer feed mixture. The reformer feed mixture is reacted in a catalytic reformer to create a reformate exhaust stream, which is then mixed with an intake air stream to create a mixed air stream. The mixed air stream is the fed to the combustion chamber of the engine as the combustible mixture.

Abstract: A method for generating a multi-component surrogate is provided. The method includes determining, based on a detailed hydrocarbon analysis, components of a physical fuel sample, selecting, for a hydrocarbon, chemicals from a list of known chemicals in a chemical property database, chemical property correlation software, or chemical process software package, the hydrocarbon having an equivalent molecular structure as each of the chemicals, dividing a concentration of the hydrocarbon in the physical fuel sample into surrogate concentrations corresponding to the chemicals, and generating the multi-component surrogate based at least on the surrogate concentrations, where each of the chemicals represents the hydrocarbon as a surrogate in the multi-component surrogate, and the multi-component surrogate is used to represent the physical fuel sample in a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling software to model a direct injection (DI) system.

Abstract: Methods related to the removal of acidic gas are provided. In particular, the present disclosure relates to methods for the removal of acidic gas from a gas mixture, wherein said methods minimize the accumulated concentration of nitrosamines.