Abstract: A cold rolled steel flat product for packaging made of a low carbon steel having a thickness of less than 0.49 mm and a method of making. The steel flat product has a martensite-free microstructure and represents a standard grade for packaging with tensile strengths from 300 to 550 MPa, which can be produced from a cold-rolled steel sheet with a carbon content from 0.01% to 0.1% by weight by inductive annealing of the steel sheet and subsequent water cooling for quenching the recrystallization-annealed steel sheet. To achieve flatness of 5 I-units or less, the induction annealed steel sheet is first primarily cooled in the manufacturing process to a take-off temperature at a rate of less than 1000 K/s, with the take-off temperature being below the transformation temperature of 723° C., and thereafter a secondary cooling by water cooling with a water temperature of less than 80° C. at a rate of more than 1000 K/s.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a programming template for developing an application program that is configured to be executed in a manner distributed over two or more programmable logic controllers. The programming template includes two or more programmable modules configured to be integrated into the application program and executed on a respective associated programmable logic controller. At least one first programmable module has an associated first programmable logic controller, and at least one second programmable module has an associated second programmable logic controller. The programming template comprises a logical communication link between the at least one first and the at least one second programmable module for the purpose of coordination of the at least one first and the at least one second programmable module across control systems.

Abstract: A method for automatically generating user program code for a programmable logic controller configured to control a machine, includes providing, at a first earlier time, a plurality of selectable program code parts for the programmable logic controller; and automatically generating the user program code at, a second later time, by combining at least two of the plurality of selectable program code parts that have been selected by a user. At least one of the plurality of selectable program code parts is configured to activate at least one energy-saving function of an energy consumer of the machine. The at least one energy-saving function has energy-saving function properties.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a programming template for developing an application program that is configured to be executed in a manner distributed over two or more programmable logic controllers. The programming template includes two or more programmable modules configured to be integrated into the application program and executed on a respective associated programmable logic controller. At least one first programmable module has an associated first programmable logic controller, and at least one second programmable module has an associated second programmable logic controller. The programming template comprises a logical communication link between the at least one first and the at least one second programmable module for the purpose of coordination of the at least one first and the at least one second programmable module across control systems.

Abstract: A method for low cost operation of a processing machine comprising determining a suitable processing speed, operating the processing machine at the suitable processing speed, and determining costs as a function of the processing speed. The suitable processing speed is the processing speed which leads to predetermined costs in a predetermined processing time during the operation of the processing machine.

Abstract: A method for automatically generating user program code for a programmable logic controller configured to control a machine, includes providing, at a first earlier time, a plurality of selectable program code parts for the programmable logic controller; and automatically generating the user program code at, a second later time, by combining at least two of the plurality of selectable program code parts that have been selected by a user. At least one of the plurality of selectable program code parts is configured to activate at least one energy-saving function of an energy consumer of the machine. The at least one energy-saving function has energy-saving function properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas spring which uses a compensating medium acting on a compensating piston in order to compensate the dependence on temperature of its characteristic. According to a first aspect of the invention, a compensating medium (16M) is selected whereof the critical temperature (TK) is between the lower limit temperature (Tlower) and a temperature exceeding the upper limit temperature (Tupper) Of the range of operating temperatures of the gas spring (50) by up to 100° C., and the gas spring (50) is designed such that, at an operating temperature (TB) of the gas spring (50) not exceeding the critical temperature (TK) of the compensating medium (16M), the point indicating the state of the compensating medium (16M) lies on or above the vapor pressure curve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas spring which uses a compensating medium acting on a compensating piston in order to compensate the dependence on temperature of its characteristic. According to a first aspect of the invention, a compensating medium (16M) is selected whereof the critical temperature (TK) is between the lower limit temperature (Tlower) and a temperature exceeding the upper limit temperature (Tupper) Of the range of operating temperatures of the gas spring (50) by up to 100° C., and the gas spring (50) is designed such that, at an operating temperature (TB) of the gas spring (50) not exceeding the critical temperature (TK) of the compensating medium (16M), the point indicating the state of the compensating medium (16M) lies on or above the vapor pressure curve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas spring which uses a compensating medium acting on a compensating piston in order to compensate the dependence on temperature of its characteristic. According to a first aspect of the invention, a compensating medium (16M) is selected whereof the critical temperature (TK) is between the lower limit temperature (Tlower) and a temperature exceeding the upper limit temperature (Tupper) of the range of operating temperatures of the gas spring (50) by up to 100° C., and the gas spring (50) is designed such that, at an operating temperature (TB) of the gas spring (50) not exceeding the critical temperature (TK) of the compensating medium (16M), the point indicating the state of the compensating medium (16M) lies on or above the vapor pressure curve.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas spring which uses a compensating medium acting on a compensating piston in order to compensate the dependence on temperature of its characteristic. According to a first aspect of the invention, a compensating medium (16M) is selected whereof the critical temperature (TK) is between the lower limit temperature (Tlower) and a temperature exceeding the upper limit temperature (Tupper) of the range of operating temperatures of the gas spring (50) by up to 100° C., and the gas spring (50) is designed such that, at an operating temperature (TB) of the gas spring (50) not exceeding the critical temperature (TK) of the compensating medium (16M), the point indicating the state of the compensating medium (16M) lies on or above the vapor pressure curve.