Abstract: An online system determines an estimated conversion rate for sponsored content items placed on content publishers and on the online system. The estimated conversion rate can be determined by a machine learning model trained using data describing content campaigns, content publishers, and online system users. This data is collected by the online system from content publishers and/or content campaigns that report conversion rates to the online system. By determining a ratio of estimated conversion rates with third party content on the content publisher against those on the online system, the online system can determine a publisher quality score for that content publisher. The online system uses the publisher quality score to normalize third party value contributions toward placing sponsored content on content publishers and the online system. Thus, disparities in the intrinsic value across publishers are diminished as third party value contributions are normalized based on the publisher conversion rates.

Abstract: A fluid discharge apparatus adapted to discharge a cavitating stream of pressurized liquid along with the selective discharge of a secondary material, such as an abrasive, for removing dirt, debris, barnacles, marine growth, and other substances from submerged surfaces is provided. More particularly, the invention contemplates a introducing a pressurized liquid into a cavitation generating chamber to create and discharge a cavitating stream, and a secondary inlet for injecting abrasive material, such as silica, into the chamber to improve cleaning effectiveness. The gas bubbles within the cavitating liquid stream that essentially explode upon impacting debris resulting in tremendous pressure fluxuations provides improved effectiveness in removing debris and aquatic growth from the submerged surface. The combination of a secondary substance, such as an abrasive material, foam, or compressed gas enhances cleaning effectiveness.

Abstract: A fluid discharge apparatus adapted to discharge a cavitating stream of pressurized liquid along with the selective discharge of a secondary material, such as an abrasive, for removing dirt, debris, barnacles, marine growth, and other substances from submerged surfaces is provided. More particularly, the invention contemplates a introducing a pressurized liquid into a cavitation generating chamber to create and discharge a cavitating stream, and a secondary inlet for injecting abrasive material, such as silica, into the chamber to improve cleaning effectiveness. The gas bubbles within the cavitating liquid stream that essentially explode upon impacting debris resulting in tremendous pressure fluxuations provides improved effectiveness in removing debris and aquatic growth from the submerged surface. The combination of a secondary substance, such as an abrasive material, foam, or compressed gas enhances cleaning effectiveness.

Abstract: A fluid discharge apparatus adapted to discharge a cavitating stream of pressurized liquid along with the selective discharge of a secondary material, such as an abrasive, for removing dirt, debris, barnacles, marine growth, and other substances from submerged surfaces is provided. More particularly, the invention contemplates a introducing a pressurized liquid into a cavitation generating chamber to create and discharge a cavitating stream, and a secondary inlet for injecting abrasive material, such as silica, into the chamber to improve cleaning effectiveness. The gas bubbles within the cavitating liquid stream that essentially explode upon impacting debris resulting in tremendous pressure fluxuations provides improved effectiveness in removing debris and aquatic growth from the submerged surface. The combination of a secondary substance, such as an abrasive material, foam, or compressed gas enhances cleaning effectiveness.

Abstract: A fluid discharge apparatus adapted to discharge a cavitating stream of pressurized liquid along with the selective discharge of a secondary material, such as sand, for removing dirt, debris, barnacles, marine growth, and other substances from surfaces is provided. More particularly, the invention contemplates a secondary hose inlet and nozzle outlet for discharging abrasive material, such as silica, to improve cleaning effectiveness. The combination of a secondary fluid or abrasive substance with the gas bubbles within the cavitating liquid stream that essentially explode upon impacting debris resulting in tremendous pressure fluxuations provides improved effectiveness in removing debris and aquatic growth from the submerged surface. The invention further improves upon the control of such devices with controls that allow the diver/operator to adjust flow rates and thrust without releasing his grasp.