Abstract: A method for operating a decentralized application by users of a blockchain. In the method, a first user proposes a state change on a state channel anchored in a blockchain. If a confirmation of the state change by the other users on the state channel does not occur, the first user prompts the other users to confirm within a predefined time span on the blockchain. If the confirmation also does not occur on the blockchain, the state change is carried out at the blockchain.

Abstract: A method for conducting a transaction between a plurality of partitions of a blockchain. In the method: on the partitions, smart contracts are provided, through the contracts, state channels are anchored in the partitions, and the transaction between the partitions Ls carried out on the state channels.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for determining a vulnerability in a new exchange function for use in a cryptocurrency system. An attack amount of crypto tokens of the first type and a first attack amount of crypto tokens of the second type may be obtained, wherein the attack amount of crypto tokens of the first type can be obtained according to a first creation exchange function in exchange for the first attack amount of crypto tokens of the second type. A second attack amount of crypto tokens of the second type is obtainable in exchange for the attack amount of crypto tokens of the first type. If the second attack amount of crypto tokens of the second type exceed the first attack amount of crypto tokens of the second type by more than a threshold, a vulnerability is found.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining crypto tokens of a first type. A creation and annulment procedure are implemented that may integrate a bonding curve and a fee term starting from the current supply size to a new supply size to determine an amount of crypto tokens of a second type. A creation request for creating crypto tokens of the first type may indicate a second amount of second type crypto tokens. A corresponding amount of first type crypto tokens may be computed by estimating the first amount.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining crypto tokens of a first type. A creation and annulment procedure are implemented that may integrate a bonding curve and a fee term starting from the current supply size to a new supply size to determine an amount of crypto tokens of a second type. The crypto tokens of the second type may be transferred to or from a pool, while crypto tokens of the first type may be transferred to a user or may be destroyed. The fee term may comprise the bonding curve shifted over an amount.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining a distributed ledger by a first miner. A set of transactions may be selected from multiple transaction requests and included in a newly generated block for a distributed ledger. A goodness score may be computed by evaluating compliance to one or more selection rules. An amount of cryptographic tokens may be assigned to the miner proportional to the first goodness score.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for maintaining crypto tokens of a first type. A smart contract from a distributed ledger defines a bonding curve being as a sequence of multiple curve segments. A creation or annul function of the smart contract may integrate a bonding curve starting from the current supply size to a new supply size to determine an amount of crypto tokens of a second type. The crypto tokens of the second type may be transferred to or from a pool associated with the smart contract, while crypto tokens of the first type may be transferred to a user or may be destroyed. The current supply size of first type tokens may be updated correspondingly.

Abstract: A method for generating a pseudo-random number sequence. In the method: in a data structure managed on the state channel, each of the participants commits to at least a number of at first hidden values that corresponds to the number of participants, each of the participants in the data structure respectively repeatedly discloses the values last committed to by that participant, in the stated number, and commits to the same number of further at first hidden values, a member of the sequence is determined by a relation that includes, for each of the participants, at least one of the values disclosed by this participant.

Abstract: A method for conducting a transaction between a plurality of partitions of a blockchain. In the method: on the partitions, smart contracts are provided, through the contracts, state channels are anchored in the partitions, and the transaction between the partitions is carried out on the state channels.

Abstract: A method for operating a decentralized application by users of a blockchain. In the method, a first user proposes a state change on a state channel anchored in a blockchain. If a confirmation of the state change by the other users on the state channel does not occur, the first user prompts the other users to confirm within a predefined time span on the blockchain. If the confirmation also does not occur on the blockchain, the state change is carried out at the blockchain.

Abstract: A method for operating an application distributed between a first system, a second system, and a third system on a transaction channel shared by the systems. In the method, the third system consents to a state transition of the application under particular conditions, the first system and the second system initiate by mutual agreement the state transition via the transaction channel, and the application carries out the state transition automatically if the conditions are present.

Abstract: A method for controlling a cryptocurrency based on a bonding curve predefined for a rate of the cryptocurrency. In the method, in a commercial transaction involving the cryptocurrency, a shift of the curve to be applied is calculated based on a previous course of the rate. The curve is integrated and the rate for the commercial transaction is set based on the curve and on a predefined bid-ask spread. The course is updated. Effects of the commercial transaction on the rate are established and taken into account.

Abstract: A method for controlling a cryptocurrency. The method includes: a bonding curve with desired properties is selected, a mechanical oscillation system is modeled in such a way that a bid price of the cryptocurrency corresponds to a first body and an ask price of the cryptocurrency corresponds to a second body of the oscillation system, the oscillation system is described with the aid of an equation of motion, and the bid price and the ask price are set according to the bonding curve and the equation of motion.

Abstract: A method for confirming a legal transaction. The method includes: instructions for the legal transaction are stipulated in a smart contract between a principal and an authorized agent, and the legal transaction is confirmed by the authorized agent on the basis of the contract in accordance with the principal's instructions.

Abstract: A method for controlling a cryptocurrency. An asked price of the cryptocurrency is adapted to a circulation amount of the cryptocurrency according to the bonding curve. While the circulation amount is increasing, a currency reserve of the cryptocurrency is deposited. The bonding curve is changed as soon as the currency reserve reaches a certain minimum amount in such a way that the asked price is supported with the aid of the currency reserve.

Abstract: A method for operating a network, a proper subset of the nodes carrying out at least one special task. The method includes assigning a weight to each node, each node having the option as a donor node to conditionally or unconditionally delegate portions of its weight to recipient nodes. Based on the weight of each node, plus portions delegated to it and minus portions delegated by it, the proper subset of the nodes is selected, based on at least one predefined criterion. A portion of a donor node is conditionally delegated to at least two recipient nodes, under the suspending condition that the recipient node does not belong to the proper subset after the selection, and the same portion that is conditionally delegated to multiple recipient nodes is taken into account at most upon acceptance of one of these recipient nodes into the proper subset.

Abstract: A method for granting a credit from an issuer of the credit to a recipient of the credit via a payment channel. The method includes: the issuer and the recipient reach an agreement regarding a payment covering the credit from a payment service provider of the recipient to a payment service provider of the issuer; at least the amount of the credit is frozen on the payment channel for the issuer for an agreed-upon time allowed for payment, the payment service providers are registered; provided a confirmation of the payment takes place by at least one of the payment service providers within the time allowed for payment, the amount is automatically credited by the payment channel to the recipient or the time allowed for payment is extended; otherwise, the amount is automatically released by the payment channel for the issuer after the time allowed for payment elapses.

Abstract: A method for operating a network, a proper subset of the nodes carrying out at least one special task. The method includes assigning a weight to each node, each node having the option as a donor node to conditionally or unconditionally delegate portions of its weight to recipient nodes. Based on the weight of each node, plus portions delegated to it and minus portions delegated by it, the proper subset of the nodes is selected, based on at least one predefined criterion. A portion of a donor node is conditionally delegated to at least two recipient nodes, under the suspending condition that the recipient node does not belong to the proper subset after the selection, and the same portion that is conditionally delegated to multiple recipient nodes is taken into account at most upon acceptance of one of these recipient nodes into the proper subset.

Abstract: A method for operating a machine located in choppy waters, in particular a wave energy converter, for converting energy from a wave movement of a fluid into another form of energy includes determining measurement variables at a first, relatively early time, and calculating a variable characterizing a wave movement expected at a second, later time on the basis of the determined measurement variables.

Abstract: A wave energy converter comprises a rotor, which is designed to convert a wave movement of a body of water, in which the wave energy converter is arranged, into a rotational movement of the rotor, wherein a mean density of at least one rotating component of the rotor can be adjusted and/or is lower than the mean density of the fluid surrounding the rotor in the body of water. The disclosure likewise relates to a corresponding control device and an operating method.