Abstract: A jet aerator (1) having an aerator housing (8) that can be installed in the water discharge of a sanitary outlet fitting, and having a jet splitter (12) in the interior of the housing, dividing the inflowing water flow into a plurality of individual jets, a mixing zone (14) being disposed downstream of the splitter for aerating the individual jets, wherein at least one aerator duct (16) is provided that ends in the mixing zone (14). The jet aerator has a throttle or closing piece (18) for reducing and/or optionally activating or deactivating the aerating function, the throttle or closing piece being displaceable between an open position opening the at least one aerating duct (16) and a throttle or closing position at least partially closing the at least one aerating duct (16) by a rotary and/or sliding movement.

Abstract: An outlet nozzle (1) which can be attached to an outlet fitting, or to a similar outlet end of a sanitary water line, which includes a valve unit (3), which is displaceable between a blocking position, closing the water line, and an open position, releasing the water line, wherein at least one aerator unit having a jet divider, homogenizer, and/or flow rectifier, a shower unit, or similar jet former, is provided in the outlet nozzle (1). The outlet nozzle (1) is characterized by the low space requirement and production costs thereof.

Abstract: A sanitary outlet fitting including a water outlet (2) and a jet regulator (1) which is associated with the water outlet and includes a jet regulator housing (3) with integrated components. The jet regulator housing can be inserted into the water outlet by an axial insertion movement and includes a holding element (6) provided with at least one radially mobile projection (10) for connecting to the water outlet. The outlet fitting includes either a locking element (8) that can be actuated from the outside without using a tool for selectively blocking and releasing the holding element, or an unlocking tool (65) can be inserted into the annular space (68) between the inner peripheral edge of the water outlet and the outer peripheral edge of the housing by an axial insertion movement. The insertion movement of the unlocking tool can be converted into a radial movement of the at least one projection of the holding element from a functional position into an unlocking position.

Abstract: A sanitary water outlet (1) having a conduit (4) at the discharge end. The conduit (4) is provided with at least one perforated plate (5) and/or a grid structure or lamellar structure with a number of discharge holes or discharge openings (7) which are bordered by flow guide walls (6). The water outlet is characterized in that it has a joint sleeve (2) which is adjustably or pivotally disposed in a socket (3) while the conduit (4) is provided inside the joint sleeve (2). The water outlet allows the water jet that is discharged from a water discharging plumbing fixture to be oriented as needed without requiring a ball-and-socket joint which uses a lot of space and may not be aesthetically appealing.

Abstract: A sanitary line connection is provided, which has a sleeve shape at least in a front-end region thereof and in which there is at least one sealing ring (7) clamped in a sealing way between the adjacent line section and the line connection. The line connection can be embodied, for example, as a sanitary outlet nozzle (1), with at least one retaining cam or similar retaining projection (9) projecting from the outer periphery of the sealing ring (7). The retaining projection (9) engages in an indentation or similar recess in the sleeve interior of the sleeve-shaped front-end region.

Abstract: A sanitary line connection is provided, which has a sleeve shape at least in a front-end region thereof and in which there is at least one sealing ring (7) clamped in a sealing way between the adjacent line section and the line connection. The line connection can be embodied, for example, as a sanitary outlet nozzle (1), with at least one retaining cam or similar retaining projection (9) projecting from the outer periphery of the sealing ring (7). The retaining projection (9) engages in an indentation or similar recess in the sleeve interior of the sleeve-shaped front-end region.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining a vehicle state having the method steps: estimation of a first state in a vehicle (F) by means of a first vehicle model using predetermined parameters ({dot over (?)}, {umlaut over (?)}, ay, ax); estimation of a second state of the vehicle (F) by means of a second vehicle model using the predetermined parameters ({dot over (?)}, {umlaut over (?)}, ay, ax); weighted switching over from the first vehicle model to the second vehicle model at the transition of the vehicle (F) from the first state into the second state as a function of at least one estimated parameter (?). The present invention also makes available a device for determining a state of a vehicle (F).

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the temperature of an electrically heated pot which uses the Planck formula and employs an infrared reflective hemisphere; first and second infrared wave guides, and first and second infrared filters and infrared detectors as well as a calculating device.

Abstract: A method for remotely measuring the temperature of a target maintained at a first relatively low temperature while at the same time the target is heated by thermal radiation from a source spaced from the target and maintained at a second relatively high temperature which employs a two wavelength radiometer and a computer. First and second wavelengths are selected for use. The second wavelength is shorter than the first wavelength, both source and target exhibiting appreciable radiation at the first wavelength, the source emitting appreciable radiation while the target emits essentially no radiation at the second wavelength. The radiation of the source at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength are measured. These two source radiation measurements are stored in the computer. The radiation of the target at the first wavelength and at the second wavelength are measured. These two target radiation measurements are stored in the computer.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for determining whether a first (S/R-Latch) description of a state element that is implemented as a set of interconnected electrical devices can be replaced by a second (D-Latch) description of the state element. The method includes the steps of providing a representation of the S/R-Latch description to the computer, causing the computer to apply to the representation a set of rules that define a relationship between the S/R-Latch description and the D-Latch description and that are independent of a topology of the set of interconnected devices, and causing the computer to replace the S/R-Latch description with the D-Latch description of the state element if the representation satisfies the rules.

Abstract: Apparatus adapted for use in measuring emissivity of a semiconductor wafer having a radiant energy reflecting surface includes a hollow integrating sphere having first and second spaced apart openings and having an inner surface upon which radiant energy can be distributed. The wafer is disposed with its reflecting surface adjacent the second opening. A first radiant energy detector is disposed on the inner surface of the sphere to detect the distributed energy. First means directs a beam of radiant energy through the first opening in the sphere in such manner that the beam passes through the sphere and the second opening to strike the wafer reflecting surface and is thereupon reflected into the sphere, the reflected energy being distributed upon the inner surface of the sphere and being detected by said first detector.

Abstract: Pyrometer apparatus measures the temperature of a semiconductor wafer which when heated by radiation from a bank of lamps emits thermal radiation which includes radiation contained in a selected spectral band. The apparatus includes a reaction chamber supporting the wafer and disposed above the bank of lamps. A hollow envelope reflecting incident radiation and thermal radiation from the wafer surrounds and is spaced from the chamber and the bank of lamps. A portion of the reflected radiation and the thermal radiation passes upwardly through a first opening. A source of said incident radiation disposed adjacent a second opening produces radiation within said spectral band which enters said envelope and is reflected inside the envelope to illuminate a selected spot on the wafer hemispherically. The spot reflects a portion of the incident radiation upwardly through the first opening.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the value of the directional spectral hemispherical reflectance of the surface of a target when not engaging but being spaced from the target employs a hollow elongated member having a longitudinal axis and first and second opposite ends. The area of the first end is relatively large relative to that of the second end. The first end is open. The member has an inner chamber extending between the ends and has an inner surface adapted to reflect light falling within a specified wave band. The member when the apparatus is in use is positioned with the first end adjacent but spaced from a selected portion of the surface of the target. The longitudinal axis is oriented essentially normal to a region on the selected surface which would be engaged by a line coincident with the axis and sufficiently extended outwardly from the first end.

Abstract: The temperature of a thermally emitting target which radiates over a band of wavelengths which includes first and second spaced wavelengths and which has an unknown emissivity characteristic at which the emissivity at one wavelength may but does not necessarily differ from the emissivity of another wavelength is read remotely by [a] deriving signals from those portions of the thermal radiation at these two wavelengths; [b] deriving signals from the reflected portions of two beams of radiation at these wavelengths which strike the target; and [c] by using these derived signals to compute the temperature.

Abstract: A pyrometer adapted to be disposed remotely from a heated diffusely reflecting target obtains a first electrical signal from that portion of target radiance which reaches the instrument. A laser beam is generated within the instrument and is directed upon the target, a portion of the beam being reflected back to the instrument. A second signal is obtain from this portion. The separation between target and instrument is measured and a third signal depending on the separation is produced. A fourth signal dependent upon the power level of the beam is produced. The instrument then computes from these signals the surface temperature of the target.