Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for determining a refractive error of an eye are disclosed. A series of images of light coming from an eye are captured with varying optical powers, and the refractive error is then calculated based directly on the series of images used as approximate point spread functions. The calculation includes determining a modulation transfer area as a function of meridian angle and optical power in an angle range from 0° to 180° based on the series of images, and to calculate the refractive error based on the modulation transfer area as a function of angle and optical power.

Abstract: Hybrid-heuristic optimization of competing portfolios of flight paths for flights through one or more sectors of an airspace represented by an air traffic system. In one embodiment, a hybrid-heuristic optimization process (100) includes one or more heuristic based processes (110), a genetic optimization process (120), an evaluation process involving an approximation model (130), an optimal portfolio selection process (140) and a validation process involving simulation (150) of the air traffic system.

Abstract: Hybrid-heuristic optimization of competing portfolios of flight paths for flights through one or more sectors of an airspace represented by an air traffic system. In one embodiment, a hybrid-heuristic optimization process (100) includes one or more heuristic based processes (110), a genetic optimization process (120), an evaluation process involving an approximation model (130), an optimal portfolio selection process (140) and a validation process involving simulation (150) of the air traffic system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for optimizing a plurality of competing portfolios of logistical alternatives are disclosed. In one embodiment, where the competing portfolios of logistical alternatives are competing portfolios of flight paths, a method (1100) for optimizing a plurality of competing portfolios of logistical alternatives includes receiving (1102) competing flight path portfolios from one or more flight operation centers. Dominance criteria are applied (1104) to select a subset of the portfolios from the plurality of competing portfolios for further consideration. Multi-objective genetic optimization is applied (1106) to the subset of portfolios to identify an optimal portfolio among the plurality of competing portfolios of logistical alternatives.