Abstract: Among the various aspects of the present disclosure are the provision of a bioelectronic device, additive manufacturing methods of bioactive encapsulated conducting polymer hydrogel electrodes, and related methods of use. As described herein, a 3D-printed bioelectronic electrode device, methods to fabricate a bioelectronic device, a method to perform a bioelectronics experiment, and a method to treat a subject with a bioelectronic-related disorder are described.

Abstract: Among the various aspects of the present disclosure are the provision of conductive granular hydrogel compositions, bioelectric devices comprising the conductive granular hydrogel compositions such as wearable electrodes, conductive filaments, bioink compositions comprising living cells encapsulated in the conducting polymer composition, bioelectronic hydrogel-based devices, and methods of use thereof. The conducting 3D hydrogel is characterized by a void fraction value and high conductivity for in vitro cell applications. In addition, methods of producing the conducting 3D hydrogels and bioinks, methods of fabricating the bioelectronic hydrogel-based devices, and methods of performing bioelectronic measurements using the bioelectronic hydrogel-based devices are disclosed.