Abstract: Head and torso first aid manikins are disclosed, along with variable flow valves for use in a head first aid manikin and first aid training systems and methods. A head manikin comprises an inlet, an outlet distinct from the inlet, and a channel allowing fluid communication between the inlet to the outlet. A variable flow valve is positionable in line with the channel. A torso manikin comprises an inflatable pouch and a fluid pressure sensor configured to detect compressions being applied to the pouch. A first aid training system comprises at least one first aid manikin comprising sensors and a computing device. A first aid training method comprises generating data from a user manipulating a first aid manikin and, in a computing device, receiving the data, comparing the data with first aid reference parameters, and displaying feedback to the user.

Abstract: Chatbots are automated programs which conduct a conversation via auditory or textual methods with a user and are often designed to convincingly simulate how a human would behave as a conversational partner. However, such chatbots are limited in their functionality to the database created and maintained by the chatbot provider. Accordingly, it would therefore be beneficial to provide users with an Artificial Conversational Entity that can exploit the full depth and power of the Internet by supporting a browser interface linked to the Artificial Conversational Entity such that the outputs presented to the user can be a web page or a website either associated with the provider of the Artificial Conversational Entity or independent to the Artificial Conversational Entity provider. Accordingly, in this manner the Artificial Conversational Entity becomes a user interface for a user to enter natural language queries.