Abstract: A system for extraction of optical properties of a turbid medium by using diffuse reflectometry may include at least one light source, an optical receiver, at least one separator, and at least one processor configured to control the optical receiver, while the radiation is provided to the turbid medium in the radiation input area of the at least one light source, to sequentially open each LC cell from the array of LC cells, and simultaneously receive radiation, passed through the sequentially opened LC cells and corresponding microlenses, by corresponding photodetectors from the array of photodetectors to obtain the distribution of radiation intensity; and extract the optical properties of the turbid medium based on the distribution of radiation intensity.

Abstract: A system for extraction of optical properties of a turbid medium by using diffuse reflectometry may include at least one light source, an optical receiver, at least one separator, and at least one processor configured to control the optical receiver, while the radiation is provided to the turbid medium in the radiation input area of the at least one light source, to sequentially open each LC cell from the array of LC cells, and simultaneously receive radiation, passed through the sequentially opened LC cells and corresponding microlenses, by corresponding photodetectors from the array of photodetectors to obtain the distribution of radiation intensity; and extract the optical properties of the turbid medium based on the distribution of radiation intensity.

Abstract: A spectrometer may include: a tunable on-chip laser source configured to irradiate a biological tissue with laser radiation; a photodetector configured to receive the laser radiation reflected from the biological tissue; and at least one processor. The tunable on-chip laser source may include: a semiconductor gain chip having a gain bandwidth for operating the tunable on-chip laser source in a predetermined wavelength range; and a plurality of resonator cavities connected between the semiconductor gain chip and the at least one processor, and configured to perform a coarse high-speed measurement and a fine measurement to measure a spectrum of the laser radiation reflected from the biological tissue.