Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting an information carrying signal, such as an electromagnetic frequency signal or an acoustic signal, through the tracks of a railroad to a remote position on the track where the information is extracted. The extracted information can be used to relate speed and location of trains, location of obstructions, and/or track conditions. The in situ track (10) is evaluated using an autoranging digital multimeter which establishes the resistance between two opposite rails (12, 14).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for transmitting an information carrying signal, such as an electromagnetic frequency signal or an acoustic signal, through the tracks of a railroad to a remote position on the track where the information is extracted. The extracted information can be used to relate speed and location of trains, location of obstructions, and/or track conditions. The in situ track (10) is evaluated using an autoranging digital multimeter which establishes the resistance between two opposite rails (12, 14).

Abstract: A breath warming apparatus which comprises a flexible, lightweight casing in the shape of a curved, generally symmetrical horn of expanding cross section, having a flared internal chamber containing metal mesh. This mesh will retain the heat and expired moisture of the wearer and will in turn warm and humidify the air being inhaled through the device. A mouthpiece, designed to minimize resistance to airflow to and from the oral cavity, provides the immediate aperture through which the user breathes when using the apparatus. Relatively large exit ports allow for high volume transfer of air.