Abstract: A method for orthodontic treatment is provided. The method comprises obtaining feedback data including patient feedback data points collected by fitting an orthodontic appliance configured to apply a force to a tooth of a patient and indicating a level of discomfort experienced by the patient, wherein the force is a function of a critical force that is specific to the patient, correlating the level of discomfort to the force applied to the tooth of the patient, and, determining whether or not the feedback data is optimized for determining a target orthodontic force for orthodontic treatment that is an optimal orthodontic force based on the critical force.

Abstract: A method for obtaining an orthodontic treatment plan is provided. The method comprises obtaining a treatment plan for treatment of a tooth of a patient, the treatment plan including two or more stage force values, wherein each of the two or more stage force values is based on a target orthodontic force value that is based on one or more determinate points of periodontal ligament (PDL) behavior data. For each of the two or more stage force values, the method includes determining configuration parameters for configuring an orthodontic appliance to apply the stage force value to a tooth of the patient; and, using the configuration parameters to manufacture an orthodontic appliance configured to apply the stage force value.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining an updated target orthodontic force are provided. A method includes receiving feedback data obtained during use of an orthodontic appliance configured to apply a target orthodontic force to a tooth of a patient. The feedback data includes one or both of patient feedback data points and treatment feedback data points. A value of the target orthodontic force having been determined by inputting periodontal ligament (PDL) behavior data into an algorithm. The method includes updating the algorithm using the feedback data and using the updated algorithm to determine an updated value corresponding to an updated target orthodontic force for use in reconfiguring or replacing the orthodontic appliance so as to apply the updated target orthodontic force.

Abstract: A system and method for orthodontic appliance configuration are provided. A method includes obtaining a force value which approximates a target orthodontic force value having been determined based on patient data and PDL behavior data associated with the patient data. The patient data includes patient treatment data and patient characteristic data, the patient treatment data at least including one or both of a tooth type indicator and a tooth position indicator associated with a tooth of a patient to be treated and a treatment movement value which describes the required tooth movement to effect treatment of the tooth. The force value is used to determine configuration parameters for configuring an orthodontic appliance to apply the force value to the tooth of the patient. The configuration parameters are output.

Abstract: A system and method for orthodontic treatment staging are described. A method includes receiving patient data including patient treatment data and patient characteristic data. One or more stage movement values and corresponding stage force values are determined. Each stage force value is based on a target orthodontic force value that is based on one or more determinate points of PDL behavior data associated with at least a subset of the patient data. The PDL behavior data includes or is based on force measurement data points and corresponding displacement measurement data points having been measured in-vivo while applying a force to a particular tooth of a human or animal subject. The sum of the one or more stage movement values approximates a treatment movement value. The one or more stage movement values and corresponding stage force values are output as a treatment plan for treatment of a tooth of the patient.

Abstract: A measurement device and associated systems and methods are described. The device includes a body and an attachment mechanism fixed to and extending from the body. The attachment mechanism is configured for attachment to a part of a human or animal subject. The or a part of the body is configured for gripping by a user. The device incudes a processor in communication with a force sensor module and a position sensor module. The force sensor module is configured to measure a force applied to the attachment mechanism, in use, and output force measurement data relating to the measured force. The position sensor module is configured to measure the position of the part of the human or animal relative to other parts thereof, in use, and output position measurement data. The processor is configured to store the force measurement data and position measurement data in a memory component associated therewith.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a target orthodontic force are provided. A method includes receiving patient data associated with a patient and including patient characteristic data and patient treatment data including one or both of a tooth type indicator and a tooth position indicator associated with a tooth of the patient to be corrected. Periodontal ligament (PDL) behavior data including or being based on force measurement data points and corresponding displacement measurement data points having been measured in-vivo while applying a force to a tooth of a human or animal subject and associated with at least a subset of the patient data is retrieved. A target orthodontic force value that is specific to the patient data is determined by inputting the PDL behavior data into an algorithm which determines the target orthodontic force based on the PDL behavior data and the target orthodontic force value is output.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having two or more diffusion bonded layers, which demonstrates a high degree of ruggedness, reliability, efficiency and attitude insensitiveness, is provided. The novel cell structure simplifies construction and operation of these cells. Also provided is a method for passive water removal from these cells. The inventive cell, as well as stacks made using these cells, is suitable for use in applications such as commercial space power systems, long endurance aircraft, undersea power systems, remote backup power systems, and regenerative fuel cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having two or more diffusion bonded layers, which demonstrates a high degree of ruggedness, reliability, efficiency and attitude insensitiveness, is provided. The novel cell structure simplifies construction and operation of these cells. Also provided is a method for passive water removal from these cells. The inventive cell, as well as stacks made using these cells, is suitable for use in applications such as commercial space power systems, long endurance aircraft, undersea power systems, remote backup power systems, and regenerative fuel cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having two or more diffusion bonded layers, which demonstrates a high degree of ruggedness, reliability, efficiency and attitude insensitiveness, is provided. The novel cell structure simplifies construction and operation of these cells. Also provided is a method for passive water removal from these cells. The inventive cell, as well as stacks made using these cells, is suitable for use in applications such as commercial space power systems, long endurance aircraft, undersea power systems, remote backup power systems, and regenerative fuel cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell having two or more diffusion bonded layers, which demonstrates a high degree of ruggedness, reliability, efficiency and attitude insensitiveness, is provided. The novel cell structure simplifies construction and operation of these cells. Also provided is a method for passive water removal from these cells. The inventive cell, as well as stacks made using these cells, is suitable for use in applications such as commercial space power systems, long endurance aircraft, undersea power systems, remote backup power systems, and regenerative fuel cells.

Abstract: To enable prescribed functional values of pressure plate units of motor vehicle friction clutches to be observed with smaller tolerances than hitherto, it is proposed that a housing-spring component initially be pre-assembled from clutch housing (1) and diaphragm spring (7) and that this component be measured together with a master pressing plate. Geometry (diameter 25 and axial height 27) which is optimum for minimum tolerances of a contact bevel 15 is calculated by means of the measured result, and a pressing plate (13) with this bevel geometry is produced. The measured spring-housing component is finally assembled together with this specially produced pressing palte 913).

Abstract: Novel substituted isonicotinic acid amides of the general formula ##STR1## in which X in ortho/ortho'-position are equal and represent fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine;Q.sub.1 is unsubstituted pyrimidin-4-yl, or pyrimidin-4-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.2 is unsubstituted pyrimidin-2-yl, or pyrimidin-2-yl substituted by R.sub.1,R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.3 is unsubstituted pyrimidin-5-yl, or pyrimidin-5-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.4 is pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.5 is pyridazin-3-yl or pyridazin-4-yl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.6 is unsubstituted pyrazin-2-yl, or pyrazin-2-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 haloalkyl having from 1 to 3 halogen atoms, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkoxyalkyl, C.

Abstract: In order to avoid undesired spring force variations of a diaphragm spring (13) of a friction clutch by reason of centrifugal forces it is proposed to provide the spring tongues (17) between their tongue ends (25) and a basic body (15) of the diaphragm spring (13) with outwardly domed portions (31) by which the center of gravity (33) in the position of the diaphragm spring (13) endangered by centrifugal force is shifted into the plane of radial supporting of the diaphragm spring (13).

Abstract: Novel substituted isonicotinic acid amides of the general formula ##STR1## in which X in ortho/ortho'-position are equal and represent fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine;Q.sub.1 is unsubstituted pyridimin-4-yl, or pyrimidin-4-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.2 is unsubstituted pyrimidin-2-yl, or pyrimidin-2-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.3 is unsubstituted pyrimidin-5-yl, or pyrimidin-5-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.4 is pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.5 is pyridazin-3-yl or pyridazin-4-yl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;Q.sub.6 is unsubstituted pyrazin-2-yl, or pyrazin-2-yl substituted by R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 ;R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 are hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 haloalkyl having from 1 to 3 halogen atoms, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.

Abstract: Novel substituted isonicotinic acid amides and isonicotinic acid hydrazides of the general formula ##STR1## in which Hal, each independently of the other, is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine;Y is CH-R.sub.1 or NH;n is 1 or 0;R.sub.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl;X is a 5-membered saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl-, halogen-, trifluoromethyl-, cyano- or nitro-substituted heterocycle having from 1 to 3 hereto atoms, such as N, O or S, wherein the heterocycle may, in addition, contain an oxo or thiono group.The novel active ingredients have plant-protecting properties and are suitable especially for the preventive protection of plants against attack by phytopathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria and viruses.

Abstract: The invention relates to azolylpropane derivatives of the general formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is an azolyl group,R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, each independently of the other, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, cyanoalkyl or alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and one of R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 always has a meaning other than hydrogen,R.sub.4 is C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted phenyl; or is C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by phenyl or substituted phenyl,R.sub.5 is an unsubstituted or a mono- or polysubstituted radical selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alky, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkynyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, benzylphenyl, benzyloxyphenyl, phenoxyphenyl and aralkyl,R.sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to 1-aryl-2-fluoro-2-azolyl alkanones, alkanols, esters and ethers of formula I ##STR1## wherein Az is 1H-1,2,4-triazole, 4H-1,2,4-triazole or 1H-imidazole;T is --C(O)--, --CH(OH)-- or one of the groups ##STR2## wherein R.sub.7 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkoxy, halogen or cyano, or is C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkynyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl, 2-furyl, 2-tetrahydrofuryl, or is phenyl or benzyl, each unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, nitro, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl and/or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy;R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are each independently hydrogen, nitro, halogen, cyano, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy, --COO(C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl), NH.sub.2 or NHCOCH.sub.3 ;R is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.

Abstract: There are described novel 1-fluoro-1-azolyl-2,2-diarylethane derivatives of the general formula I ##STR1## wherein Y is --CH.dbd. or --N.dbd.,R.sub.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, andR.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 independently of one another are each hydrogen, halogen, methyl, methoxy, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OCHF.sub.2, cyano, and/or phenoxy which is unsubstituted or substituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine;including the acid addition salts and metal complexes thereof.Also the production of these substances as well as their microbicidal action and their use in various fields of application are described.

Abstract: In a friction clutch unit the axial travel of the presser plate with respect to the clutch housing is axially limited. The presser plate is connected for common rotation with the clutch housing by a plurality of tangential leaf spring elements. These leaf spring elements allow axial travel of the presser plate with respect to the clutch housing, when the clutch housing is separated from the respective driving disc. A main spring is provided which is supported on the clutch housing and acts onto the presser plate. This main spring urges the presser plate away from the clutch housing. In order to restrict the travel of the presser plate under the action of the main spring stop elements are provided axially between the spring elements and the clutch housing and tangentially between the two ends of the respective leaf spring elements, namely nearer to that end of the respective leaf spring element which is fixed to the clutch housing.