Abstract: The method of producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using red sand includes mixing red sand with water to form an aqueous suspension of red sand, removing the supernatant from the suspension, centrifuging the supernatant and retaining a second supernatant from the centrifuged suspension, dissolving a solution of zinc nitrate in the second supernatant to form a precursor solution, and adding 1M NaOH dropwise to the precursor solution to precipitate the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The precipitate may be washed, dried and calcined to provide the red sand synthesized ZnO NPs. The red sand synthesized ZnO NPs have photocatalytic activity and can be used, for example, to degrade organic dyes in aqueous environments.

Abstract: The method of synthesis of bio graphene may include mixing carrageenan with a bio waste solution, adding graphene oxide to produce a mixture, sonicating the mixture, and evaporative-casting the mixture to produce bio graphene film. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be ?-carrageenan. In an embodiment, the bio waste solution may include fish scales.

Abstract: The method of synthesizing antimicrobial silver nanoparticles using pigeon dung includes collecting pigeon dung and suspending the pigeon dung in water to produce a pigeon dung aqueous extract, filtering the pigeon dung aqueous extract, adding a solution including a silver source to the pigeon dung aqueous extract to produce a mixture, and resting the mixture to allow silver nanoparticles to form. In an embodiment the antimicrobial pigeon dung nanoparticles may be incorporated in a pharmaceutical composition.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing metal nanoparticles can include combining a metallic nitrate with an extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to form the metal nanoparticles. The method can include adding an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to form silver nanoparticles. The method can include dissolving zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) in an extract of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana to provide a zinc nitrate extract solution, stirring the zinc nitrate extract solution, and adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to the zinc nitrate extract solution to form zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract: A bio buckypaper synthesized with fish scales may be manufactured by mixing carrageenan with a bio waste solution to provide a first mixture, adding carbon nanotubes to the first mixture produce a second mixture, sonicating the second mixture, and evaporative-casting the second mixture to produce the bio buckypaper. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be ?-carrageenan. In an embodiment, the carbon nanotubes may be single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In an embodiment, the bio waste solution may be derived from fish scales.

Abstract: Polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membranes prepared from casting solution including the biopolymer kappa-carrageenan (kCg) as an additive demonstrate improved structure and properties. The resulting asymmetrical structure has a thin layer on the upper surface, a porous sublayer with reduced volume of macro void space and increased porosity, and a spongy layer beneath the sublayer. This results in an increased hydrophilic nature, and provides enhanced wetting, membrane porosity, and water permeability—all important properties making these membranes suitable for a wide range of uses.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles includes preparing a liquid extract of Cymbopogon proximus, dissolving zinc salt in the liquid extract to provide an extract with zinc salt, adding a base to the extract with zinc salt to form a precipitate including zinc oxide nanoparticles. The method overcomes the drawbacks associated with prior chemical methods of synthesizing nanoparticles, while providing increased yield of the nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of preparing biologically active derivatives from Calotropis gigantea flowers includes obtaining fresh Calotropis gigantea flowers, drying the flesh flowers, soaking the dried flowers in a natural oil, e.g., almond oil, and burning the oil-soaked flowers to provide flower ash, the flower ash including the biologically active derivatives. The flower ash can be toxin free.