Abstract: A computer system including processing circuitry configured to: receive measurement data from a plurality of sensors, wherein the measurement data comprises any one of voltages, current, temperatures, impedances, or combinations thereof; determine that at least one battery pack is a faulty battery pack, wherein the determination is based on the measurement data; determine an optimum level of state of charge for at least battery packs that are arranged adjacent to the faulty battery pack, wherein the optimum level of state of charge is based on the measurement data; and control a discharge of stored energy from the battery packs adjacent to the faulty battery pack based on the determined optimum level of state of charge.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a battery cell, the system comprising a deformation detector configured to be arranged at a distance from a vent portion of the battery cell when the vent portion is in a non-deformed position and configured to detect a deformation of the vent portion; and processing circuitry for determining if the detected deformation meets a threshold deformation.

Abstract: A battery cell includes a cell casing, and an electrode assembly comprising a negative electrode and a positive electrode, and at least two insulating layers in a sandwich configuration. The negative electrode comprises a current collector and a negative electrode material coating arranged thereon, and has an outer vertical edge extending along a vertical axis, and which is facing said cell casing, wherein said outer vertical edge is attached to said cell casing by at least 80% of the length of the vertical edge.

Abstract: A method of determines one or more voltage threshold values for controlling a cooling of battery cells. The method includes determining, during e.g. charging of the battery cells, a charging voltage threshold value for starting or increasing a battery cell cooling, corresponding to a voltage across a reference set of battery cells at which a rate of change of temperature with respect to voltage of the reference set goes above a charging temperature rate threshold value. A method for using such one or more voltage threshold values for controlling a cooling of the battery cells, by comparing a measured voltage across the battery cells against the voltage threshold value(s) is also provided.

Abstract: A method of determining ageing of a mixed electrode of a full cell lithium ion battery is presented. The method includes obtaining a voltage hysteresis of the full cell lithium ion battery by comparison of a charging voltage to a discharging voltage at a specific state of charge, SOC. The specific SOC is in a range from 0% to 20% of a maximum SOC. The method further includes determining ageing of a volume expanding component of the mixed electrode based on the obtained voltage hysteresis.

Abstract: A method for determining an electrical energy storage pack replacement configuration of a propulsion electrical energy storage of a vehicle, the method includes: classifying a vehicle usage type using vehicle driving pattern data of the vehicle as input data; determining a minimum state of health required for usage according to the classified vehicle usage type; determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs of the vehicle; concluding a replacement of the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than the minimum state of health; determining a load distribution between electrical energy storage packs after reconfiguration including replacement electrical energy storage packs and maintained electrical energy storage packs; and once electrical energy storage pack replacement is performed, determining a load sharing factor indicative of a load distribution between the electrical energy storage packs, and depending on the outcome of comparing the load sharing facto

Abstract: A method for determining a remaining useful lifetime of a propulsion battery of a vehicle. The method includes constructing a voltage feature vector from voltage data of a charging event for the battery, mapping the voltage feature vector to a battery state of health model including an aging mode distribution of different battery aging mechanisms to determine state of health parameters and the present aging mode distribution of the battery; predicting the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) using a physical aging model with the state of health parameters and the present aging mode distribution as inputs to the physical aging model.