Abstract: Roll-to-roll freeze-drying (lyophilization) system and process for facilitating freeze-drying processes and enabling the collection of data by which a freeze-drying process can be monitored and evaluated. Such a system includes a roll-to-roll freeze-drying apparatus adapted to continuously freeze and dry a liquid to form a freeze-dried and encapsulate freeze-dried sheet portions of the freeze-dried sheet to create premeasured pouches containing the freeze-dried sheet portions. The system further includes a metrology section that monitors any of the freeze-dried sheet and the freeze-dried sheet portions during the freezing and drying of the liquid to generate data for controlling the freezing and drying of the liquid.

Abstract: A system operating based on Knudsen thermal force includes a microelectromechanical (MEMS) gas sensor, the MEMS gas sensor includes a substrate. The sensor further includes at least one stationary assembly fixedly coupled to the substrate, the at least one stationary assembly terminating at corresponding pads configured to receive an electrical current for heating the at least one stationary assembly. Additionally, the sensor includes at least one moveable assembly disposed above the substrate and biased to move substantially according to a main axis and juxtaposed with the at least one stationary assembly.

Abstract: A microfabricated valve with no moving parts. In one embodiment, the valve includes a reservoir of a liquid that is in fluid communication with an outlet channel having a throat that is less than 100 microns wide. Preferably, the channel is an elongated slit. The configuration of channel is adapted and configured such that surface tension of the liquid prevents flow out of the channel. A heater increases the temperature of the meniscus of the fluid, until a portion of the fluid is ejected from the channel. The ejection of the fluid creates both a thrusting effect and a cooling effect.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical (MEMS) gas sensor operating based on Knudsen thermal force is disclosed. The sensor includes a substrate, at least one stationary assembly that is fixedly coupled to the substrate, and at least one moveable assembly that is positioned above the substrate which is biased to move substantially according to a main axis and juxtaposed with the at least one stationary assembly.

Abstract: Coaxial micronozzles are disclosed. Embodiments of the present disclosure include coaxial micronozzles with center-body geometries to exploit pressure thrust. Some embodiemnts include a generally cylindrical centerbody extending through at least a portion of the flowpath and extending into the exit so as to form a generally annular throat, wherein the microthruster is adapted and configured such that the Reynolds number through the throat is less than about one thousand. Some embodiments show a potential threefold increase in specific impulse under vacuum and near vacuum conditions.

Abstract: Coaxial micronozzle designs are presented. Initial coaxial micronozzle designs utilizing center-body geometries to better exploit pressure thrust show a potential threefold increase in specific impulse under vacuum and near vacuum conditions.