Abstract: The present invention includes methods, compositions and kits for analyzing a chemical analyte having an electrochemical cell connected to a measuring apparatus. The electrochemical cell contains a solution having one or more nanoparticles, one or more chemical analytes, an indicator. In addition, the electrochemical cell contains one or more electrodes in communication with the solution. One or more electrocatalytic properties are generated by the interaction of the one or more nanoparticles and the liquid sample and measured at the one or more electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention includes an apparatus, system and method for screening and making one or more electrocatalysts, electrocatalyst arrays, electrodes and catalysts for an oxygen reduction reaction with a Group VIII noble metal in contact with a component-M o form a Group VIII noble metal-M alloy, wherein component-M is one or more metals selected from Groups IIIA, IVA, VIII, IB, IIB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table.

Abstract: Amorphous or polycrystalline films have been recrystallized into single-crystal thin films (of micrometer thickness) by a zone melting technique, in which an electrically heated wire generated a narrow heated or molten zone (0.5-2 mm wide) on the substrate sandwiched between two pieces of glass or indium-tin-oxide-coated glass. The substrate can be either an organic or inorganic compound. When the molten zone was moved slowly (3-120 ?m/min) across the layer from one end of the cell to the other, a single-crystal film was produced after a single pass. This technique allows for thin film purification and an improvement in electronic, optical, and optoelectronic properties of the thin film. After this treatment, the steady-state short-circuit photocurrent can be improved by several orders of magnitude. These films are useful in the fields of optics and electronics for improving the performance in devices such as thin-film transistors and organic light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: A modular reactor system and method for synthesizing nanoscale quantities of chemical compounds characterized by a continuous flow reactor under high pressure having uniform temperature throughout the reaction mixture. The apparatus includes a number of generic components such as pumps, flow channels, manifolds, flow restrictors, valves and at least one modular reactor, as small as one nanoliter in volume, where larger quantities can be produced by either using larger nanoscale sized units or adding parallel and serially disposed nanoscale reactor units.

Abstract: Electrochemiluminescent label compounds containing multimetallic centers separated by bridging ligands are described. An example of a multimetallic electrochemiluminescent label suitable for use in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) methods, [(bpy)2Ru]2(bphb)4+, demonstrates ECL efficiencies 2 to 3 times greater than those for Ru(bpy)32+ in acetonitrile and aqueous media. Such multimetallic ECL compounds may be especially useful in the design of new labels for bioanalytical applications, such as immunoassays and DNA probes.

Abstract: One form of the present invention is a method for mask-less selective deposition made up of the steps of contacting a first portion of a substrate with a chemical agent that binds to the substrate to affect the susceptibility of the portion of the substrate to deposition. Following the treatment with the chemical agent, a first layer of a first material is deposited on a second portion of the surface. The first and second portions of the substrate may in fact be the same portion. That is to say, that the chemical agent may enhance or inhibit the deposition of the material of a portion of the substrate.

Abstract: Biomolecule analysis using anodic oxidation of aqueous sodium 9,10-diphenylanthracene-2-sulfonate (DPAS) and 1- and 2-thianthrenecarboxylic acid (1-THCOOH and 2-THCOOH) in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant in aqueous solution produces electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). In addition, the cathodic reduction of DPAS in the presence of peroxydisulfate (S2O82−) as a coreactant also produces ECL in an acetonitrile (MeCN)-water solution (1:1 by volume). The oxidation of chlorpromazine (CPZ) produces an ECL emission in the absence of an added coreactant following an unprecedented “self-annihilation” mechanism.

Abstract: Solid-state light-emitting devices (LEDs) are fabricated based on an amorphous or nanocrystalline film of Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2 (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) about 100 nm thick on indium tin oxide (ITO) and printed on stable conductive material including low melting point alloys (Ga:In, Ga:Sn and Bi:In:Pb:Sn) and ITO as cathodic contact. Devices with the structure of ITO(10≦&OHgr;/square)/Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2/Ga:Sn and the structure of ITO(10≦&OHgr;/square)/Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2/ITO produces a bright red emission (3500 cd/m2 at 4.0 V) centered at 660 nm. This new method significantly simplifies the fabrication of an electroluminescence cell and has potential application in the production of OLEDs by inkjet or microcontact printing. LEDs based on Ru(bpy)3(ClO4)2, Ru(phenanthroline)3(ClO4)2, Os(bpY)3(PF6)2, and Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) are also presented.

Abstract: Amorphous or polycrystalline films have been recrystallized into single-crystal thin films (of micrometer thickness) by a zone melting technique, in which an electrically heated wire generated a narrow heated or molten zone (0.5-2 mm wide) on the substrate sandwiched between two pieces of glass or indium-tin-oxide-coated glass. The substrate can be either an organic or inorganic compound. When the molten zone was moved slowly (3-120 &mgr;m/min) across the layer from one end of the cell to the other, a single-crystal film was produced after a single pass. This technique allows for thin film purification and an improvement in electronic, optical, and optoelectronic properties of the thin film. After this treatment, the steady-state short-circuit photocurrent can be improved by several orders of magnitude. These films are useful in the fields of optics and electronics for improving the performance in devices such as thin-film transistors and organic light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of making a catalytic film comprising: applying an electric current to an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and a solution comprising a film forming compound and a nitrate ion source thereby forming the catalytic film.

Abstract: A chemical moiety is disclosed which comprises a chemical, biochemical, or biological substance attached to one or more electrochemiluminescent organometallic compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the substance is attached to one or more ruthenium-containing or osmium-containing luminescent organometallic compounds. Methods are disclosed for detecting low concentrations of the chemical moiety using chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, and photoluminescent means. Compounds are disclosed which are useful for labeling substances of interest with ruthenium-containing and osmium-containing labels or other electrochemiluminescent labels. These labeled substances are useful in methods provided for detecting and quantifying analytes of interest in binding assays and competitive binding assays. The labeled substances are of particular use in homogeneous binding assays.

Abstract: Devices and methods for generating electrogenerated chemiluminescence, using an electrode which is coated with an immobilized layer of a compound capable of generating ECL. The coated electrode can be immersed along with a second electrode into an electrolyte solution containing a reactant which can react with the immobilized compound to generate ECL.

Abstract: The oxidation of 7,14-diphenylacenaphtho[1,2-.kappa.]fluoranthene (1) at platinum or indium tin-oxide electrodes leads to deposition of a polymer film on the electrode surface that displays many interesting properties including electroactivity, fluorescence, and electrochromism. Thin films of this polymer appear deep blue in the neutral state, but become pale grey upon oxidation and light green or orange upon reduction, depending upon the voltage applied. Soluble oligomers of poly(3,10-(7,14-diphenylacenaphtho[1,2-.kappa.]fluoranthene)) are formed during oxidation of the monomer (1) via radical cation-radical cation coupling reactions and are identical to those chemically synthesized by the Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling of the 3,10-dibromo derivative of 1. Further oxidation of these oligomers leads to intramolecular coupling reactions to form ladder structures within the chains and the eventual precipitation of insoluble polymer onto the electrode.

Abstract: An OLED having a cathode constructed from a first conducting layer. An electron transport layer constructed from a first electron transport material overlays the cathode. An electroluminescent layer constructed from the first electron transport material doped with dibenzotetraphenylperiflanthene overlays the electron transport layer. A hole transport layer constructed from a first hole transport material overlays the electroluminescent layer. The anode overlays the hole transport layer. In one embodiment of the invention, a second hole transport layer constructed from a second hole transport material is sandwiched between the anode and the first hole transport layer. In a third embodiment of the invention, a second electron transport layer constructed from a second electron transport material is sandwiched between the electroluminescent layer and the first hole transport layer.

Abstract: Biomolecule analysis using anodic oxidation of aqueous sodium 9, 10-diphenylanthracene-2-sulfonate (DPAS) and 1- and 2-thianthrenecarboxylic acid (1-THCOOH and 2-THCOOH) in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant in aqueous solution produces electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). In addition, the cathodic reduction of DPAS in the presence of peroxydisulfate (S.sub.2 O.sub.8.sup.2-) as a coreactant also produces ECL in an acetonitrile (MeCN)-water solution (1:1 by volume). The oxidation of chlorpromazine (CPZ) produces an ECL emission in the absence of an added coreactant following an unprecedented "self-annihilation" mechanism.

Abstract: A chemical moiety is disclosed which comprises a chemical, biochemicals, or biological substance attached to one or more electrochemiluminescent organometallic compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the substance is attached to one or more ruthenium-containing or osmium-containing luminescent organo-metallic compounds. Methods are disclosed for detecting low concentrations of the chemical moiety using chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, and photo-luminescent means. Compounds are disclosed which are useful for labeling substances of interest with ruthenium-containing and osmium-containing labels or other electrochemiluminescent labels. These labeled substances are useful in methods provided for detecting and quantifying analytes of interest in binding assays and competitive binding assays. The labeled substances are of particular use in homogeneous binding assays.

Abstract: A chemical moiety is disclosed which comprises a chemical, biochemical, or biological substance attached to one or more electrochemiluminescent organometallic compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the substance is attached to one or more ruthenium-containing or osmium-containing luminescent organometallic compounds. Methods are disclosed for detecting low concentrations of the chemical moiety using chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, and photoluminescent means. Compounds are disclosed which are useful for labeling substances of interest with ruthenium-containing and osmium-containing labels or other electrochemiluminescent labels. These labeled substances are useful in methods provided for detecting and quantifying analytes of interest in binding assays and competitive binding assays. The labeled substances are of particular use in homogeneous binding assays.

Abstract: A modular reactor system and method for synthesizing chemical compounds characterized by a uniform temperature throughout the reaction mixture by use of a continuous flow reactor under high pressure. The apparatus includes a number of generic components such as pumps, flow channels, manifolds, flow restrictors, and valves. Modular reactors, separator and analyzers on an assembly board provide a system where a modular reactor unit has an I.D. of up 100 .mu.m to optimize control of residence time within a reaction zone.

Abstract: A chemical moiety is disclosed which comprises a chemical, biochemical, or biological substance attached to one or more electrochemiluminescent organometallic compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the substance is attached to one or more ruthenium-containing or osmium-containing luminescent organometallic compounds. Methods are disclosed for detecting very small amounts of the chemical moiety using chemiluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, and photoluminescent means. Compounds are disclosed which are useful for labelling substances of interest with ruthenium-containing and osmium-containing labels or other electrochemiluminescent labels. These labelled substances are useful in methods provided for detecting and quantifying analytes of interest in binding assays and competitive binding assays. The labelled substances are of particular use in homogeneous binding assays.

Abstract: Methods and apparatii are described for information storage in photoconductive film of single layer composition by irradiation of memory elements simultaneously with application of an electric field. Information is stored as trapped charge accumulations in the film when the irradiation is removed, but trapped charge can be released by subsequent irradiation. Repeated information storage, followed by erasure, returns the films to their original state without degradation.