Abstract: A system comprising a transmitter periodically transmitting a packet via electromagnetic radiation. The packet may be encoded with information and have a length measured in time. The system may further include a receiver comprising an antenna converting incident electromagnetic radiation to an analog electrical current, an analog-to-digital converter receiving the analog electrical current and producing a digital representation thereof, and first and second buffers. Each of the buffers may have a capacity of at least two times the length of the packet. The first and second buffers may store respective first and second copies of the digital representation. The first copy may be offset in time from the second copy by at least the length of the packet.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing hydrogen may include a collector of radiation to concentrate solar radiation on a converter having an absorptivity to convert the solar radiation to thermal energy to drive a chemical process using a feedstock to dissociate into an output chemical and a byproduct. A separator separates the output and byproduct, after which a reactor reacts the output to form a storage chemical, reactive to produce energy but sufficiently stable for safe handling outside designation as an energetic material. The separator may have a porosity to substantially pass hydrogen and block oxygen and water. A sweep gas may sweep hydrogen away from the separation barrier to change equilibrium. Catalysts may reduce temperature of dissociation and a subsequent reaction to combine it in a more stable, storable form.