Abstract: A nonlinear optical composition and a method of forming the nonlinear optical composition are disclosed. The nonlinear optical composition includes a silicon-containing component and a nonlinear optical component which causes the nonlinear optical composition to exhibit second order nonlinear optical polarization of electromagnetic radiation, such as light. The method includes forming a sol of the silicon-containing component and the nonlinear optical component of the composition. A gel is formed from the sol. The nonlinear optical component is then poled while the gel is exposed to conditions sufficient to cause formation of a nonlinear optical composition which exhibits second order nonlinear optical polarization of electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A coherent array of Josephson oscillators is provided. Individual hysteresis-free Josephson junctions are longitudinally arranged in a line and have such a spacing as to substantially eliminate quasiparticle interactions. To provide a common frequency of operation, equal and opposite dc voltages are produced in adjacent pairs of the Josephson junctions by an arrangement of interlocking dc SQUID's (Superconductive Quantum Interference Device) connected to transversely extending biasing leads. Phase coherence for the array is provided by a rf current circulating in an inductive feedback path that loops between the ends of the array.

Abstract: A coherent array of Josephson oscillators is provided. Individual hysteresis-free Josephson junctions are longitudinally arranged in a gap of a central conductor in a line and have such a spacing as to substantially eliminate quasiparticle interactions. To provide a common frequency of operation, equal and opposite dc voltages are produced in adjacent pairs of the Josephson junctions by an arrangement of interlocking dc SQUID's (Superconductive Quantum Interference Device) connected to the longitudinal central conductor using microwave bias tees. Phase coherence for the array is provided by a rf current circulating in an inductive feedback path that loops between the ends of the array.